Rasona (Allium sativum)

Recent Research on Allium sativum

• Rouf, Razina & Uddin, Shaikh & Kumer Sarker, Dipto & Islam, Muhammad & Ali, Eunus & Shilpi, Jamil & Nahar, Prof & Tiralongo, Evelin & Sarker, Satyajit. (2020). The anti-viral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 104. 10. 1016/ j. tifs. 2020. 08. 006. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as a functional food and a traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient times. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate several viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far, no systematic review of its anti-viral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists. This review aims to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on the antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyze recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review. Key findings and conclusions: Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal, and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1 (IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to be linked to the immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
• Rezatofighi, Seyedeh Elham & Ebrahimian, & Lordifard, Parinaz & Mehravar, Neda & Sirnejad, (2014). Antiviral Activity of Citrus Limon, Matricariarecutita L., Allium ascalonicum L., and Rosa damascene against Newcastle Disease Virus. Journal of Veterinary Microbiology. 10. 1- 7. This study was done to investigate the antiviral activity of four plants. For this purpose, the extracts of four plants were ready and adjacent to the virus. EID50 of virus and virus/extract was calculated for any plant by the Reed and Muench method. Antiviral activities were calculated as the difference in virus titer between treated and untreated infected control eggs and expressed by inhibition percentage (IP). The results of this test showed Limon had the most antiviral activity and could reduce the viral pathogenicity of NDV 100-fold. Matricariarecutita L. and Allium ascalonicum L. could reduce the activity of the virus by 3.8 and 40.5- fold respectively, but Rosa damascene did not have any significant effect on the virus. Accordingly, three out of four of these extracts were found effective.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
• Arify, Toryali & S, Jaisree & Manimaran, K & Valavan, S & Sundaresan, A. (2018). Antiviral Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata) against Velogenic Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus- An In Ovo Study. International Journal of Livestock Research. 8. 1. 10. 5455/ ijlr. 201708- 14051902.
• Harazem, Rasha & Rahman, Sahar & Kenawy, Ali. (2019). Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Allium Cepa and Allium Sativum Extracts Against Newcastle Disease Virus. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 61. 108. 10. 5455/ ajvs. 29663.
• Mehrbod, Parvaneh & Amini, Elham & Kheiri, Masoumeh. (2009). Antiviral activity of garlic extract on Influenza virus. Iranian J Virol. 3. 19- 23. 10. 21859/ISV. 3. 1. 19.
• Ayaz, Erol & Alpsoy, Hüseyin. (2007). [Garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine]. Türkiye parazitolojii dergisi / Turkiye Parazitoloji Dernegi/ Acta parasitologica Turcica / Turkish Society for Parasitology. 31. 145- 149. Medicinal plants such as thyme, onion, blackseed, lemon balm, and nettle are intensively used in traditional medicine, today. Garlic is among the most important of these plants. For this purpose, garlic has been extensively used worldwide for centuries, especially in the Far East. Garlic is reported to be a wonderful medicinal plant owing to its preventive characteristics in cardiovascular diseases, regulating blood pressure, lowering blood sugar and cholesterol levels, effective against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, enhancing the immune system, and having antitumoral and antioxidant features. Garlic exerts these effects thanks to more than 200 chemicals. It contains sulfur compounds (allicin, alliin, and ajoene), volatile oils, enzymes (alliinase, peroxidase, and miracynase), carbohydrates (sucrose and glucose), minerals (selenium), amino acids such as cysteine, glutamine, isoleucine, and methionine which help to protect cells from the harms of free radicals, bioflavonoids such as quercetin and cyanidin, all statin I and all statin II, and vitamins C, E and A which help to protect us from oxidation agents and free radicals, and other vitamins such as niacin, B1 and B2 and beta-carotene. In this article, information about the characteristics of garlic, the diseases on which it is effective, and its use against parasitic diseases will be given.
• Isbilen, Ovgu & Volkan, Ender. (2021). Anticancer Activities of Allium sativum L. Against MCF- 7 and MDA- MB- 231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines Mediated by Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences. 5. 305- 312. 10. 5152/ cjms. 2020.1848.
• Choudhary, Sunvej & Noor, Mohd & Hussain, Md Sadique & Mishra, Mudita & Tyagi, Swati. (2022). Pharmacological properties and phytoconstituents of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. 02. 338- 346. 10. 55006/biosciences. 2022. 2402. Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for human healthcare in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. Throughout history, many different cultures have recognized the potential use of garlic for the prevention and treatment of different diseases. Garlic is a common bulb vegetable or spice that is used as an herb and to flavor food. The plant contains biologically active components that contribute to its pharmacological properties. The medicinal effects of garlic have been known for 5,000 years. Garlic is recommended as a nutritive element in the treatment of various health problems and the prolongation of human life. The chemical constituents of garlic have also been investigated for the treatment of aging, Alzheimer’s disease, anti-fungal/ bacterial/ viral/ Protozoans, atherosclerosis, blood pressure, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neuro/ nephroprotection, osteoporosis, stress, hyperlipidemia, and wound healing and highly praised by several authors. Therefore, this paper is reviewed to inspire and impress young researchers about the medicinal values of garlic.
• Ullah, Ayesha & Owaisuddin, Mohammed & Bolleddu, Rajesh & Venkatesh, Sama & Kiran, A. (2021). Garlic (Allium sativum L.) -A Promising Anti-cancer Drug. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 9. 154- 159. 10. 22270/ ajprd. v9i3. 932.
• Iwar, Kanivalan & Ochar, Kingsley & Seo, Yun & Ha, Bo-Keun & Kim, Seong-Hoon. (2024). Alliums as Potential Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 25. 8079. 10. 3390/ ijms. 25158079. The genus Allium plants, including onions, garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots, have long been recognized for their potential health benefits, particularly in oxidative and cancer prevention. Among them, onions and garlic have been extensively studied, unveiling promising biological activities that are indicative of their potential as potent antioxidant and anticancer agents. Research has revealed a rich repository of bioactive compounds in Allium species, highlighting their antioxidative properties and diverse mechanisms that target cancer cells. Compounds such as allicin, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds (OSCs) exhibit notable antioxidant and anticancer properties, affecting apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of tumor proliferation. Moreover, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes enhance their potential in cancer therapy. Studies exploring other Allium species beyond onions and garlic have revealed similar biological activities, suggesting a broad spectrum of natural products that could serve as promising candidates for developing novel anticancer treatments. Understanding the multifaceted potential of Allium plants will pave the way for innovative strategies in oxidative and cancer treatment and prevention, offering new avenues for pharmaceutical research and dietary interventions. Therefore, in this review, we compile an extensive analysis of the diversity of various Allium species, emphasizing their remarkable potential as effective agents.
• Eidi, Akram & Eidi, Maryam & Esmaeili, E. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 13. 624- 9. 10. 1016/ j. phymed. 2005. 09. 010. The antidiabetic effect of garlic ethanolic extract (Allium sativum L.) was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the present study, oral administration of garlic extract (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g/ kg body wt.) for 14 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated.
• Oral administrations of the garlic extract significantly decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels, while increasing serum insulin in diabetic rats but not in normal rats (p< 0.05). A comparison was made between the action of garlic extract and glibenclamide (600 microg/ kg), the known antidiabetic drug. The antidiabetic effect of the extract was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide. It is concluded that the plant must be considered an excellent candidate for future studies on diabetes mellitus.
• Capasso, Anna. (2013). Antioxidant Action and Therapeutic Efficacy of Allium sativum L. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 18. 690- 700. 10. 3390/ molecules. 18010690. Allium sativum (L.) is rich in antioxidants which help destroy free radicals particles that can damage cell membranes and DNA and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of several conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause over time. The antioxidant activity of fresh Allium sativum L. (garlic) is well known and is mainly due to unstable and irritating Organo-Sulfur compounds. Fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period (up to 20 months) produces Odorless aged garlic extract (AGE) containing stable and water-soluble Sulphur compounds that prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. This review aimed to understand the mechanism of antioxidant action and the therapeutic efficacy of garlic.
• Singh, Vinay & Singh, Dinesh. (2008). Pharmacological Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences. 10. 10. 5016/ 1806- 8774. 2008. v10p6. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a bulbous herb used as a food item, spice, and medicine in different parts of the world. Its medicinal use is based on traditional experience passed from generation to generation. Researchers from various disciplines are now directing their efforts toward discovering the effects of garlic on human health. Interest in garlic among researchers, particularly those in the medical profession, has stemmed from the search for a drug that has a broad-spectrum therapeutic effect with minimal toxicity. Recent studies indicate that garlic extract has antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The role of garlic in preventing cardiovascular disease has been acclaimed by several authors. Chemical constituents of garlic have been investigated for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, platelet aggregation, and blood fibrinolytic activity. Experimental data indicate that garlic may have an anticarcinogenic effect. Recent research in the area of pest control shows that garlic has strong insecticidal, nematicidal, rodenticidal, and molluscicidal activity. Despite field trials and laboratory experiments on the pesticidal activity of garlic have been conducted, more studies on the way of delivery in the environment and mode of action are still recommended for effective control of the pest. Adverse effects of oral ingestion and topical exposure to garlic include body odor, allergic reactions, acceleration in the effects of anticoagulants, and reduction in the efficacy of anti- AIDS drug Saquinavir.
• Hiyasat, Bahi & Sabha, Dina & Grotzinger, Kristina & Kempfert, Joerg & Rauwald, Hw & Mohr, Friedrich-Wilhelm & Dhein, Stefan. (2009). Antiplatelet Activity of Allium ursinum and Allium sativum. Pharmacology. 83. 197- 204. 10. 1159/ 000196811. Garlic (Allium sativum) has a well-established reputation as a protective agent against cardiovascular disease, while nearly nothing is known about its cousin Allium ursinum. This study aimed to evaluate the antiaggregatory mechanism of garlic and to compare the effects of A. ursinum and A. sativum. In a prospective study, extracts were prepared from A. sativum powder made from fresh A. sativum bulbs and fresh A. ursinum leaves by maceration. The extracts were characterized by thin-layer chromatography. Their in vitro effects on human platelet aggregation were examined by light transmission aggregometry after induction by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, A23187, epinephrine, and arachidonic acid (ARA) in platelets from healthy volunteers. A. ursinum and A. sativum exert similar antiaggregatory effects: they inhibit platelet aggregation induced via the ADP pathway and to a lesser extent aggregation induced by epinephrine, whereas ARA-, collagen- and A23187-induced aggregation was not affected. It became clear that the alcoholic extract of A. ursinum is the potent form, while the aqueous extract exerted an unspecific activity. The effects were strictly dose-related. A. ursinum and A. sativum extracts exhibited similar potencies. Both A. ursinum and A. sativum exert antiaggregatory effects. Garlic extracts act by inhibition of the ADP pathway; their mechanisms of action are comparable to that of the clinically used drug clopidogrel. The pharmacologically active component of the extracts appears to be lipophilic rather than hydrophilic, but the precise chemical substance is still unknown. This is the first report on the antiplatelet activity of A. ursinum.
• Saad, Z. & Rozan, Dr-Hussein. (2019). Phytochemicals Screening, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extracts. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology. 10. 79- 82. 10. 21608/ jacb. 2019. 36985. The objective of this study is to determine the phytochemicals of garlic, antioxidants, and anticancer activities against cancer cell lines (MCF- 7) of hot water, cold water, and ethanol extracts of garlic (Allium Sativum). The results showed that garlic contains more than 80% total carbohydrates and proteins. Also, qualitative phytochemical analysis of garlic extracts indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and phytosterols in ethanol and hot water extracts, whereas alkaloids and saponins are absent in cold water extract. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of garlic extracts by the DPPH method showed a strong effect on the activity scavenging of free radicals. In addition, ethanol extract had higher reduced power, total flavonoids, and total phenolics contents in comparison with hot water and cold-water extracts. Finally, garlic extracts also showed very high cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer cell line type (MCF- 7) especially ethanol extract, which makes us recommend that garlic is useful as a rich antioxidant and has great strength against cancer cells.
• Majewski, Michal. (2014). Allium sativum: facts and myths regarding human health. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakładu Higieny. 65. 1- 8. Garlic (Allium sativum L. fam. Alliaceae) is one of the most researched and best-selling herbal products on the market. For centuries it was used as a traditional remedy for most health-related disorders. Also, it is widely used as a food ingredient- spice and aphrodisiac. Garlic’s properties result from a combination of a variety of biologically active substances which all together are responsible for its curative effect. The compounds contained in garlic synergistically influence each other so that they can have different effects. The active ingredients of garlic include enzymes (e.g. alliinase), sulfur-containing compounds such as alliin, and compounds produced enzymatically from alliin (e.g. allicin). There is a lot of variation among garlic products sold for medicinal purposes. The concentration of Allicin (the main active ingredient) and the source of garlic’s distinctive odor depend on the processing method. Allicin is unstable and changes into a different chemical rather quickly. It’s documented that products obtained even without allicin such as aged garlic extract (AGE), have a clear and significant biological effect in immune system improvement, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, liver, and other areas. Some products have a coating (enteric coating) to protect them against attack by stomach acids. Clinically, garlic has been evaluated for several purposes, including the treatment of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cold, or the prevention of atherosclerosis and the development of tumors. Many available publications indicate possible antibacterial, anti-hypertensive, and anti-thrombotic properties of garlic. Due to the chemical complexity of garlic and the use of different processing methods, we obtain formulations with varying degrees of efficacy and safety.
• Subroto, Edy & Cahyana, Yana & Tensiska, Tensiska & Mahani, Mahani & Filianty, Fitry & Lembong, Elazmanawati & Wulandari, Endah & Kurniati, Dian & Saputra, R.A. & Faturachman, Firmansyah. (2021). Bioactive compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) as a source of antioxidants and its potential to improve the immune system: a review. Food Research. 5. 1- 11. 10. 26656/ fr. 2017. 5 (6). 042. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a type of spice derived from layered tubers, widely used as a source of flavor, taste, and cooking spices. Garlic is a therapeutic ingredient rich in bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The purpose of compiling this review is to provide information about bioactive compounds in garlic as a source of bioactive compounds and their potential to improve the immune system. This review also discussed the various effects of garlic processing on the stability and activity of bioactive compounds and the changes that occur during storage. Garlic contains high levels of organosulfur compounds, micronutrient selenium (Se), and flavonoids. The bioactive compounds in garlic are generally extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Food processing treatments such as boiling, frying, and others can have a positive impact on the organosulfur compounds. Organosulfur levels correlate with changes in antioxidant capacity and activity. The bioactive compounds of garlic can potentially boost the immune system or act as immunostimulants.
• Sil, Sudipta & Roy, Uttam & Biswas, Supreeti & Mandal, Purnendu & Pal, Keya. (2021). A Study to Compare Hypolipidemic Effects of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Alone and in Combination with Atorvastatin or Ezetimibe in Experimental Model. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 22. 10. 2478/ sjecr- 2020- 0058. Background: Dyslipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-induced conditions. Atorvastatin is an effective drug for dyslipidemia and reduces the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ezetimibe is used as an adjunct to statins for hypercholesterolemia. Garlic is known for its hypolipidemic effect in traditional medicine. There are very limited studies comparing the additive effects of Allium sativum on atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Aims: To compare the additive hypolipidemic effects of Allium sativum with atorvastatin and ezetimibe. Setting and Design: The experimental study was done in the Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan from February 2014 to October 2015. Material and Methods: Dyslipidemia rats (induced by an atherogenic diet) were randomized into five groups of six rats in each and each cage was labeled for identification of different groups and treated with drugs (atorvastatin, ezetimibe, garlic homogenate, atorvastatin + garlic homogenate, ezetimibe + garlic homogenate) for twelve weeks and assessment of lipid profiles were done. Change of parameters checked for any significant difference by appropriate statistical tests. Results: Significant TC (Total Cholesterol) & TG (Triglyceride) concentrations reduction were maximum among the ezetimibe group (51 % and 47 %) respectively. LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) & VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) concentrations reduction were maximum (62 % and 26 %) among a combination of atorvastatin and garlic groups when compared to other treatment groups. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) concentration was maximally increased (31 %) among the combination ezetimibe and garlic group which was also statistically significant. Conclusion: Garlic has a significant hypolipidemic effect when used in combination with array and ezetimibe.

• Nweke, Chidimma. (2023). Phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic) bulb in male Wistar rats. Abstract Allium sativum (garlic) has been used in traditional medicine in Nigeria in the treatment of various ailments such as colds, coughs, and microbial infections; and there have been various claims about its pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties.  However, there are insufficient data to back up these claims. It is against this backdrop, that this study evaluated the phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials of ethanol extract of A. sativum bulb in male Wistar rats to validate its therapeutic use as a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each where group 1 (control) received normal saline while group 2-4 received the extract at the doses of 200, 400, and 1000 mg/ kg b. w respectively for fourteen days. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test for significant (p<0.05) differences among the groups. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extract indicated the presence of flavonoids (17.59± 0.01), saponins (13.55± 0.01), alkaloids (2.06± 0.06), tannins (0.04± 0.00), phenols (0.01± 0.00), phlorotannin, phytosterols, and terpenoids whereas steroids, anthraquinones, and glycosides were not detected. The administration of the extract produced a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in the blood glucose concentration in the treatment groups compared to the control group, whereas a significant (P< 0.05) decrease was observed in the total cholesterol concentration of group 4 only relative to the control. Furthermore, there was a significant (P< 0.05) increase in the HDL concentrations and a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in the triglycerides and LDL concentrations respectively in all treatment groups compared to the control group. From these findings, therefore, we conclude that A. sativum offers both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in male Wistar rats.
• Sovova, M & Sova, P. (2004). Pharmaceutical Importance of Allium sativum L. 5. Hypolipidemic Effect in vitro and in vivo. Ceska a Slovenska farmacie: casopis Ceske farmaceuticke spolecnosti a Slovenske farmaceuticke spolecnosti. 53. 117-23. The paper summarizes the knowledge on the antihyperlipidemic effect of garlic, formulations prepared from it, and the individual components, which were obtained prevalently in recent decades. It presents varying opinions based on experimental results concerning the mechanisms using which the effect takes place. In vitro experiments were carried out mainly on the cultures of rat hepatocytes and an inhibitory effect on important enzymic activities taking place in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids was demonstrated. The most frequently employed in vivo models were rabbits. The anti-atherogenic effect was markedly manifested by a reduction of lipid plaques in the arteries in hypercholesterolemic animals, decreased accumulation of cholesterol in vascular walls, and other positive interventions.
• Lenkova, Marianna & Bystricka, Judita & Vollmannova, Alena & Toth, Tomas & Kovarovic, Jan. (2017). Evaluation and comparison of the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Potravinarstvo. 11. 10. 5219/ 698. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world and highly valued throughout the ages as a culinary spice. It is a hardy perennial belonging to the Alliaceae family. The garlic bulb is the most used portion of the plant, composed of 5 – 20 individuals. It is a very good source of manganese, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). In addition, garlic is a good source of other minerals, including phosphorous, calcium, potassium, iron, and copper. Many of the perceived therapeutic effects of garlic are thought to be due to its active ingredient allicin. This Sulphur-containing compound gives garlic its distinctive pungent smell and taste. Garlic possesses antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-fungal properties allowing it to stand against all infections. This work has focused on the evaluation and comparison of the total content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in five varieties of garlic – Mojmír, Zahorsky, Lukan, Havran, and Makoi. Samples of plant material were collected at the stage of full maturity in the area of Nitra. The total content of polyphenols was determined using the spectrophotometric method of Folin-Ciocalteu agents. The content of total polyphenols in garlic was in the range of 621.13 mg. kg⁻¹ (Záhorsky) to 763.28 mg. kg⁻¹ (Havran). Total polyphenols content in garlic declined in the following order: Havran >Mojmir >Makoi >Lukan >Zahorsky. Antioxidant activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method using a compound DPPH (2. 2- diphenyl- 1- picryhydrazyl). The statistically significant highest value of antioxidants was recorded in 20.22% (Mojmír) and the lowest value was in 13.61 % (Zahorsky). The values of antioxidant activity observed in the varieties of garlic may be arranged as follows: Mojmír >Havran >Lukan >Makoi >Zahorsky. All the analyzed varieties of garlic were confirmed by the strong dependence of the antioxidant activity and the total content of polyphenols.
• Bozin, Biljana & Dukic, N. & Samojlik, Isidora & Igic, Ruzica. (2008). Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic, Allium sativum L., Alliaceae. Food Chem. 4. 1-5.
• Kaur, Manpreet & Ghinta, Priyanshi & Gupta, Reena. (2021). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment of Allium sativum (garlic) extract. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 16. 134-140. Garlic (Allium sativum) is recognized for its potential to treat and prevent various diseases including cardiovascular problems, common cold, bacterial and fungal infections. Garlic is bestowed with an array of organosulphur compounds rich in phytochemicals which act as antioxidant agents. The present study was undertaken for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents of Allium sativum. The 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of methanol and chloroform extracts of garlic was found to be better than other extracts used in the study. These extracts showed good antibacterial activity against selected pathogenic bacterial cultures including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Shigella, and Salmonella. Sliver nanoparticles were also synthesized with the aid of garlic extract and were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Synthesized silver nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity against all Salmonella followed by Bacillus, Shigella, and Pseudomonas.
• Rahman, Mokhlesur & Fazlic, V. & Saad, N. W. (2012). Antioxidant properties of raw garlic (Allium sativum) extract. 19. 589- 591. Garlic has been a favorite additive in food for many years in various cultures. It is known that garlic (Allium sativum) possesses antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antiplatelet, and antihyperlipidemic properties. Allicin, a thiosulfate extract of garlic, has been presumed to be a very strong antioxidant. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of raw garlic extract was not conclusive to determine allicin’s presence. However, using the 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging methods to determine the antioxidant activity of raw garlic extract shows a color change from deep violet to yellow, indicating antioxidant activity. Thus, raw garlic can be a source of antioxidants based on the results of the DPPH scavenging analysis.
• Agustina, Lia & Gan, Emilia & Yuliatiq, Ninis & Wardani, Giftania. (2022). In vitro Antiplatelet Activities of Aqueous Extract of Garlic (Allium sativum) and black Garlic in Human Blood. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 1579- 1582. 10. 52711/ 0974- 360X. 2022. 00263. Coronary heart disease is one of the deadliest cardiovascular diseases in the world. Recent studies have shown an increase in aspirin resistance as a gold standard therapy causing recurrent heart attacks. Antiplatelet of natural resources thus needs to be explored. Garlic (Allium sativum) is known to be effective as an antiplatelet, but the problem that arose after consuming garlic is the presence of unpleasant breath and body odor which reduces patient compliance in therapy. Black Garlic is a product made of garlic that tastes delicious and does not smell pungent like raw garlic. There has been no study of Black Garlic as an antiplatelet before. This research aimed to determine the antiplatelet activities of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) and Black Garlic (AEBG) and to evaluate their differences in human blood in vitro. This research was designed to be an experimental posttest only, which was performed in 10 groups, namely the vehicle controls, and positive controls, as well as the concentration groups of AEGS and AEBG (each 1- 4 μg/ μL). The antiplatelet activity was tested using the Born method, which measured the plasma uptake before and after induced with Papain. The evaluation was done by calculating the percent inhibition of platelet aggregation of the concentration groups relative to vehicle controls. The results showed that both AEG and AEBG have antiplatelet activities ([H= 16.664; 5 df; p= 0.005] and [H= 16.225; 5 df; p= 0.006] respectively). The inhibition of platelet aggregation is also shown to be significantly different in both samples [H= 21.693; 7 d. f; p= 0.003].
• Apitz-Castro R, Badimon JJ, Badimon L. Effect of ajoene, the major antiplatelet compound from garlic, on platelet thrombus formation. Thromb Res. 1992 Oct 15; 68 (2): 145- 55. doi: 10. 1016/ 0049- 3848 (92) 90030-e. PMID: 1475777.
• Cavagnaro, Pablo & Camargo, Alejandra & Galmarini, Claudio & Simon, Philipp. (2007). Effect of Cooking on Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Antiplatelet Activity and Thiosulfinates Content. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 55. 1280- 8. 10. 1021/ jf062587s. The raw form of garlic and some of its preparations are widely recognized as antiplatelet agents that may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Herein, we examined the in-vitro antiaggregatory activity (IVAA) of human blood platelets induced by extracts of garlic samples that were previously heated (in the form of crushed versus uncrushed cloves) using different cooking methods and intensities. The concentrations of allicin and pyruvate, two predictors of antiplatelet strength, were also monitored. Oven-heating at 200 degrees C or immersing in boiling water for 3 min or less did not affect the ability of garlic to inhibit platelet aggregation (as compared to raw garlic), whereas heating for 6 min completely suppressed IVAA in uncrushed, but not in previously crushed, samples. The latter samples had reduced, yet significant, antiplatelet activity. Prolonged incubation (more than 10 min) at these temperatures completely suppressed IVAA. Microwaved garlic did not affect platelet aggregation. However, increasing the concentration of garlic juice in the aggregation reaction had a positive IVAA dose response in crushed, but not in uncrushed, microwaved samples. The addition of raw garlic juice to microwaved uncrushed garlic restored a full complement of antiplatelet activity that was completely lost without the garlic addition. Garlic-induced IVAA was always associated with allicin and pyruvate levels. Our results suggest that (1) allicin and thiosulfates are responsible for the IVAA response, (2) crushing garlic before moderate cooking can reduce the loss of activity, and (3) the partial loss of antithrombotic effect in crushed-cooked garlic may be compensated by increasing the amount consumed.
• Choi, You-Hee & Jeong, Hyung-Min & Kyung, Kyu & Ryu, Beung-Ho & Lee, Kwang-Youl. (2011). Aged Garlic Extract and Its Components Inhibit Platelet Aggregation in Rats. Journal of Life Science. 21. 10. 5352/ JLS. 2011. 21. 10. 1355. Many clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on general cardiovascular health. Aged garlic extract (AGE) is known to display diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. However, few studies have been directed at the effect of AGE on cardiovascular function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of AGE and its components on platelet activation, a key contributor to thrombotic diseases. In freshly isolated rat platelets, AGE and its components have shown inhibitory activities on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. These in vitro results were further confirmed in an in vivo platelet aggregation measurement where tail vein injection of garlic oil and S- Allylmercapto- cysteine (SAMC) significantly reduced thrombin and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Potential active components for antiplatelet effects of AGE were identified to be SAMC and diallyl sulfide through agonist-induced platelet aggregation assay. These results indicate that aged garlic extract can be a novel dietary supplement for the prevention of cardiovascular risks and the improvement of blood circulation.
• Thomson, Martha & Al-Amin, Zainab & Al-Qattan, Khaled & Shaban, Lemia & Ali, Muslim. (2007). Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of garlic (Allium sativum) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 15. 10.1159/000497643. In this study, the hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, and hypotriglyceridaemic effects of garlic were studied in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Compared to normal (non-diabetic) rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats had approximately 200 % higher serum glucose, 50 % higher serum cholesterol, and 30 % higher serum triglyceride levels as well as 86 % higher urinary protein levels. Daily treatment of STZ-induced diabetic rats with an extract of raw garlic (500 mg/ kg intraperitoneally) for seven weeks significantly lowered serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Compared to control diabetic rats, garlic-treated rats had 57 % less serum glucose, 40 % lower serum cholesterol levels, and 35 % lower triglyceride. In addition, urinary protein levels in garlic-treated diabetic animals were 50 % lower compared to the diabetic controls. In contrast, the increased urine output and water intake of diabetic rats were not affected by garlic treatment. These results indicate that raw garlic possesses a beneficial potential in reversing proteinuria in addition to reducing blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides in diabetic rats. Therefore, garlic could be of great value in managing the effects and complications of diabetes in affected individuals.
• Onyeagba, R.A. & Ugbogu, Ositadinma & Okeke, Clement & Iroakasi, Ogonnaya. (2004). Studies on the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn). African Journal of Biotechnology. 3. 552- 554. 10. 5897/ AJB2004. 000- 2108. The antimicrobial effect in vitro of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn.) juice were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. All the test organisms were susceptible to undiluted lime juice. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger singly did not inhibit any of the test organisms. The highest inhibition zone of 19 mm was observed with a combination of extracts on Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella species were resistant to almost all the extracts except lime.
• Hu, Bin & Hu, Haibo & Peng, Donghui & Wei, Zheng & Kuang, Haixue. (2024). Phytochemical components analysis and hypolipidemic effect on hyperlipidemia mice of the aerial parts from Allium sativum. Frontiers in Nutrition. 11. 1422857. 10. 3389/ fnut. 2024. 1422857. The bulbs of Allium sativum are widely used as food or seasoning (garlic), while they have also been utilized as a famous traditional medicine since ancient eras for the treatment of scabies, tuberculosis, pertussis, diarrhea dysentery, etc. However, very few studies focus on their abundant aerial parts, which are normally discarded during the harvest season. The hyperlipidemic mice model has been used to study the lipid-lowering effect of the aerial parts in this article. 180 mice were randomly divided into 18 groups, including blank control (BC), model (Mod), positive control (PC), and low-, medium-, and high-dose groups of the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and residual water extracts (corresponding to CE, PEE, EAE, NBE, WE), with 10 mice in each group. The preventive effects of the extracts on hyperlipidemic mice lasted for four weeks. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC- Q/ TOF- MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC- MS/ MS) were used to analyze the chemical components of NBE and PEE respectively. The results of the mice experiment showed that n-butanol extract (NBE) and petroleum ether extract (PEE) from the aerial parts could significantly reduce the contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- C), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum of hyperlipidemic mice, and increase the contents of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL- C). They could enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). At the same time, they could improve steatosis and inflammation of liver cells. The results of phytochemical components analysis showed that NBE was rich in organic acids, flavonoids, and nitrogen-containing constituents, while PEE contained organic sulfur compounds, aliphatic acids and derivatives, alkaloids, phytosterols, etc. These results support that the aerial parts of A. sativum are an interesting source of bioactive ingredients that may be useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.
• Ragasa, Richard Raymund & Brizuela, Karen & Rollan, Rohana & Orejola, Joanna. (2011). The Effect of Allium sativum L. on the Hypolipidemic Activity of Atorvastatin on Rats. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 25846. 32321.
• Ayazi, M. & Asadpour, Leila & Kazemi, Samaneh & Pourkhalili, S. (2011). Antibacterial activity of fresh juice of Allium sativum (garlic) against multi-drug-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5. 5776- 5779. 10. 5897/ AJMR11. 1253. Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of infections in humans and animals. The growing emergence of drug-resistant pathogens led to the development of natural antimicrobials. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of fresh garlic juice against multi-drug-resistant S. aureus isolates has been studied. Antibacterial activity was measured by the agar well diffusion method. All the test bacteria were found sensitive to the garlic juice. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fresh garlic juice against the test bacteria ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 % v/v and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 25 to 50 % v/v. Based on this finding garlic juice possesses significant antibacterial potency against multi-drug-resistant isolates of S. aureus may be used as a natural therapeutic agent and antimicrobial preservative in the food industry.
• Mahi, Fatima & Hasib, Aziz & Abdelali, Boulli & Boussadda, Lotfi & Abidi, Omar & Aabdousse, Jamal & Khiraoui, Abdelkarim & Siham, Ourouadi. (2023). In vitro and in vivo Antidiabetic Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Compared to Glibenclamide on Biochemical Parameters in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 80. 106- 113. 10. 47583/ ijpsrr. 2023. v80i01. 015. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common chronic disease. Scientific research has turned to traditional herbal remedies as a potential adjunct therapy to maintain better glycemic control with minimal side effects. Garlic has been known since ancient times as an essential regulator either in diet or in medicine. Today the use of garlic is growing and widespread all over the world. This study is carried out to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects of garlic extract compared to glipalamide on biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. In-vitro antidiabetic effect of the A. sativum aqueous extract was conducted using α-amylase assay. Meanwhile in-vivo antidiabetic activity was conducted using alloxan-induced diabetic mice with an intraperitoneal injection of 160 mg/ kg body weight. The diabetic mice were divided into five groups, two of which were given garlic extract orally (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/ kg) and a group composed of diabetic mice was given the standard drug, glibenclamide, orally at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The control mice (normal and diabetic) were fed normal saline once a day for 28 days. The preventive effect of garlic extract was proved to have the same result as the standard drug, glibenclamide when given at the dose indicated above. This result was shown when experiments dealt with blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), with significant increases in plasma insulin. In addition, the plant extract exhibited a considerable inhibitory effect on α- amylase activity with an IC50 value of 680.54 ± 0.58 μg/ ml. The present study shows that garlic extract possesses significant, potent anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo and that this activity is dose-related. The garlic extract also recovers metabolic alterations and preserves insulin secretion capacity.
• Beshr, Khaleda & Abdelrahim, Ramy. (2019). Antibacterial efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) and chitosan incorporated into two root canal sealers against Enterococcus faecalis: a comparative study. Tanta Dental Journal. 16. 94. 10. 4103/ tdj. Tdj. 3. 19.

Recent Research on Allium ascalonicum

• Arpornchayanon, Warangkana & Klinprung, Soraya & Chansakaow, Sunee & Hanprasertpong, Nutthiya & Chaiyasate, Saisawat & Tokuda, Masaaki & Tamura, Hirotoshi. (2019). Antiallergic activities of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) and its therapeutic effects in allergic rhinitis. Asian Pacific Journal of allergy and immunology. 10. 12932/ AP- 300319- 0529. Onion has antiallergic activity but lack of evidence for shallot. To determine whether shallot owns similar antiallergic activity to onion and its therapeutic effects in allergic rhinitis when added to standard treatment METHODS: In-vitro β- β-hexosaminidase inhibitory activities of shallot were compared with onion on RBL-2H3 cells. In a clinical study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed. Sixteen AR patients were randomized equally into the controls who received cetirizine 10 mg once daily and placebo capsules for 4 weeks, and the treatment who received 3g of oral shallot per day (equivalent to 1 ½ bulbs) and cetirizine. Visual analog scores of overall symptoms (VAS), total nasal and ocular symptom scores (TNSS and TOSS), nasal airway resistance (NAR), and adverse events were assessed. Shallot extract at 200 μg/ mL had an average β- hexosaminidase inhibition rate of 97 % while onion extract had 73 %. HPLC chromatograms (λ = 290nm) of both plants showed nearly identical patterns of quercetin compounds, such as quercetin 3, 4′- Di glucoside, quercetin 4′- glucoside, and quercetin. After 4 weeks of treatment, 62.5 % of patients in the shallot group and 37.5 % of patients in the control group showed improvement in post-treatment VAS. TNSS were significantly reduced in both groups, however no difference between groups (P = 0.18). TOSS was significantly improved only in the shallot group (P = 0.01). Adverse events from shallot were not different from placebo. Shallot had antiallergic activity and similar quercetin compounds to onion. The shallot oral supplement and cetirizine were shown to improve the overall AR symptoms more than cetirizine alone.
• Mozin, S. & Rosyidi, D. & Sjofjan, Osfar & Widodo, Eko. (2015). The effect of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) by-product as an antibacterial and alternative phytobiotic on characteristics of small intestine of broiler. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 27. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) by-product has antibacterial properties due to the greater presence of an active substance (quercetin) in this part of the shallot than in edible parts. The first phase of the study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of shallot by-product meal and juice extract on the growth of the bacteria Lactobacillus species, E. coli, and Salmonella sp. A nested factorial design was used with the factors of the physical form of shallot by-products (meal and juice) and the level of shallot by-products extract (juice of 1.5 %, 3 %, 4.5 %; and meal 1 %, 2 %, 3 %). Bi-distilled water was used as a negative control and tetracycline 30 µg ml-1 as a positive control. Extracts of shallot by-product meal were more effective as an antibacterial agent than those of shallot by-product juice extract, whereas the inhibitory effect was found more effective on Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. The objective of the second phase of the study was to investigate the characteristics and the numbers of bacteria (Lactobacillus species, E. coli, and Salmonella species) in the intestinal digestion of chickens kept for 42 days. Starter and finisher diets were offered ad libitum. Collections of small intestines and their digesta were done at the end of the study. A completely randomized design was used in the second phase to determine the effect of treatments on villus height, crypt depth, the ratio of villus height and crypt depth, pH and viscosity of the digest, and the number of bacteria Lactobacillus species, E. coli and Salmonella species in the intestinal digesta. The treatments used were the level of shallot by-product meal, namely: T0 (0 %), T1 (0.5 %), T2 (1 %), T3 (1.5 %) and T4 (2 %). Shallot by-product meal had no negative effect on the characteristics of the small intestine and the number of three groups of bacteria in the digest. However, further study is needed to characterize the quantity and quality of its active substance. Thus, it can be applied as an alternative photobiotic and useful to reduce environmental problems.
• Ehsani, Ali & Mahmoudi, Razzagh. (2012). Phytochemical Properties and Hygienic Effects of Allium ascalonicum and Pimpinella anisum Essential Oils in Iranian White Brined Cheese. Journal of essential oil-bearing plants JEOP. 15. 10. 1080/ 0972060X. 2012. 10662606. Due to the side effects of chemical and synthetic preservatives, consumers have become more eager to use foods containing natural preservatives from plant, animal, and microbial sources. Biochemical properties and antimicrobial effects of Allium ascalonicum and Pimpinella anisum essential oils against Escherichia coli in different steps of the ripening Iranian White Brined cheese were assessed. Biochemical analysis by GC- MS shows the presence of 15 substances (92.2 %) mainly including Longifolene and Benzene in P. anisum and 13 substances (80.3 %) mainly including organosulfur in A. ascalonicum essential oils. 2000 ppm A. ascalonicum and 3000 ppm P. anisum essential oils during the ripening period of Iranian White Brined Cheese had the highest decrease in the mean bacterial colony counts compared to other treatments (P< 0.05) and A. ascalonicum essential oil had the higher antibacterial effects than P. anisum essential oil against E. coli. Cheese organoleptic assessment demonstrated that 750 ppm A. ascalonicum essential oil maintained the highest acceptable range.
• Zarei Mahmoudabadi, Prof. Ali & Nasery, M. (2008). Anti-fungal activity of shallot, Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae), in vitro. J. Med. Plants Res. 3. the present study aimed to investigate the anti-fungal activities of the fresh extract of Allium ascalonicum Linn. (Liliaceae) against clinically important yeast, dermatophytes, and some saprophytic fungi in vitro. The anti-fungal effects of fresh crude juice of shallot were determined against 11 isolates of Candida albicans, three species of dermatophytes (Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum) and Syncephalastrum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Drechslera sp. by agar well diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fresh extract of A. ascalonicum was 0.25 % for most tested fungi; however, the extract showed remarkable activity against saprophytic fungi followed by Candida species and dermatophytes. It is concluded that fresh extract of A. ascalonicum has more anti-saprophytes effect at 0.25 % with a mean diameter of inhibition zone 21.83 mm.
• Sidiq, Fahmi & Kamaludin, Kamaludin & Kankarofi, Rabiu Hamisu. (2022). Studying the Formulation of Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L.) Ethanol Extract Gel as Treatment of Excision Wounds in Rats. International Journal of Ethno-Sciences and Education Research. 2. 140- 146. 10. 46336/ ijeer. v2i4. 390. Onion bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) contain alkaloid compounds and saponins which can accelerate the wound healing process. Therefore, a study was conducted on the wound healing effect of the excision of ethanol extract of onion bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) in the form of a gel against mice (Rattus Copernicus). The purpose of this research was to study the stability of the preparation as well as the effectiveness and optimum concentration in excision wound healing from the ethanolic extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in the gel dosage form. The concentration variants used were 5 %, 10 %, and 20 %. The method used was sample extraction by maceration and wound gel was made in 3 concentrations, namely 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % then a stability test was carried out on the preparation by cycling test method at 4⁰ C and 40⁰ C for 6 cycles. Besides that, gel base was also used as a negative control and octane gel as a positive control, then the back skin of a rat (Rattus Copernicus) was injured using a surgical knife. The results of the observation of the stability of the wound gel preparation were stable both at 4⁰ C and at 40⁰ C. Reduction of the length of the wound at the beginning of the treatment until the wound was completely closed showed that the ethanol extract gel preparation of shallot bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) could reduce and heal cuts in rats with a concentration of 20 % which showed the most effective wound healing effect. Onion bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) contain alkaloid compounds and saponins which can accelerate the wound healing process. Therefore, a study was conducted on the wound healing effect of the excision of ethanol extract of onion bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) in the form of a gel against mice (Rattus Copernicus). The purpose of this research was to study the stability of the preparation as well as the effectiveness and optimum concentration in excision wound healing from the ethanolic extract of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in gel dosage form. The concentration variants used were 5 %, 10 %, and 20 %. The method used was sample extraction by maceration and wound gel was made in 3 concentrations, namely 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % then a stability test was carried out on the preparation by cycling test method at 4⁰ C and 40⁰ C for 6 cycles. Besides that, gel base was also used as a negative control and octadine gel as a positive control, then the back skin of a rat (Rattus novergicus) was injured using a surgical knife. The results of the observation of the stability of the wound gel preparation were stable both at 4⁰C and at 40⁰C. Reduction of the length of the wound at the beginning of the treatment until the wound was completely closed showed that the ethanol extract gel preparation of shallot bulbs (Allium ascalonicum L.) could reduce and heal cuts in rats with a concentration of 20 % which showed the most effective wound healing effect.
• Mohammadi-Motlagh, R., Mostafaie, A., & Mansouri, K. (2011). Anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of shallot (Allium ascalonicum) extract. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 7 (1), 38. https:// doi. org/ 10. 5114/ aoms. 2011. 20602.
• Pandurangan, Vetriselvi & Amanulla, Safreen & Ramanathan, Kumaresan. (2016). Anticancer efficacy of dry and fresh Allium ascalonicum (shallot) against HepG2 cell line. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy, and Pharmacology. 6. 1. 10. 5455/ njppp. 2016. 6. 08012016112. Liver cancer is a deadly disease and a devastating public health problem globally. Natural plant products with potent growth inhibition and apoptosis induction properties are extensively being investigated for their cancer-preventive potential. Allium ascalonicum, being an important part of the diet across various countries, possesses numerous therapeutic effects and health-enhancing properties such as cancer prevention. Aims and Objective: To investigate the anticancer activity of dry and fresh A. ascalonicum. Materials and Methods: The organic (ethanol) extracts of dry and fresh shallot bulb (A. ascalonicum) were prepared and tested for in vitro anticancer efficacy on liver cancer cell line HepG2 by MTT (3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: The results showed that both dry and fresh shallot extracts have anticancer potential with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50 μg/ mL. Conclusion: The plant investigated possesses remarkable anticancer activity. Further studies are essential for the isolation of lead molecules from the plant to treat liver cancer.
• Amin, Mansour & Mohammadi, Asie & Heidary, Mohsen & Khoshnood, Saeed. (2018). Antibacterial and anticancer activity of a bioflavonoid fractionated from Allium Ascalonicum. Allium ascalonicum is a part of the diet of many populations of the world due to their long-held beliefs. A. ascalonicum extracts have been reported to have antibacterial properties and prevent cancer cell proliferation. This study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer and antibacterial activity of a flavonoid fraction isolated from A. ascalonicum bulbs. The HeLa and HUVEC cells were used as target cell lines and some gram-negative and positive bacteria were also targeted for antimicrobial activity. The A. ascalonicum plant was collected from the Zagros Mountains in the north of Dezful City- Iran, in September 2016 and confirmed by the School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. The water extract of bulbs of this plant was extracted and the flavonoid fraction was isolated from aqueous extract by ethyl acetate. The antibacterial and anticancer effects of isolated flavonoids were determined using MIC and MTT respectively. The best antibacterial effect of flavonoids extracted from A. ascalonicum was found against C. diphtheria. Furthermore, gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa was the most resistant pathogenic bacterium. The MTT method showed that this fraction had a concentration-dependent anti-proliferative activity on HeLa cell lines and there was no cytotoxic effect against HUVEC cells. The inhibitory concentration 50 % (IC50) values of the A. ascalonicum extract for Hela cell was 3 mg/mL but the treatment of HUVECs with the A. ascalonicum showed no considerable effect. The flavonoid fraction of A. ascalonicum bulbs had remarkable antibacterial and anticancer properties. Therefore, it could be used as an antibacterial and anticancer agent for control of cancers and infectious diseases.
• Tran, Gia Buu & Nguyen, Nguyen. (2020). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, And Anticancer Effects of Ethanol Extract of Black Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum). Pharmacophore. 11. 30-37. Introduction: Black shallot is the novel product of shallot (Allium ascalonicum), one of the most famous spices and remedies used in Vietnamese cuisine and in folk medicine, via an aging process in a controlled temperature and humidity environment. However, the bioactivities of black shallot ethanol extract have not been studied yet. Materials & Methods: The aims of this study are the determination of chemical composition and antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects of black shallot extract. The chemical constituents of black shallot extract were determined via ESI- MS/ MS analysis and the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by 1, 1- diphenyl- 2picryl- hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The anticancer activity of black shallot against human cervical carcinoma (Hela) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines was tested via the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was measured through quantification of nitrite oxide production using the Griess reaction. Results & Discussion: We identified the presence of 7 bioactive compounds in black shallot extract, including quercetin 3, 4- glucoside, isorhamnetin 3, 4- diglucoside, quercetin 3- glucoside, quercetin 4- glucoside, isorhamnetin 4- glucoside, quercetin aglycone, isorhamnetin. Moreover, black shallot extract exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than fresh shallot extract (25.67 ± 0.65 % versus 18.21 ± 0.35 %, respectively). Of note, the anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of black shallot were also higher than those of fresh shallot. Conclusion: The data suggest black shallot is one of the promising functional foods for the treatment of inflammatory and cancer-related diseases.
• Reza, Hamid & Mohammadi-Motlagh, Hamid-Reza & Sc, Mary & Mansouri, Kamran & Shakiba, Yadollah & Keshavarz, Maryam & Khodarahmi, Reza & Siami, Abbas & Mostafaie, Ali. (2009). Anti-Angiogenic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) Bulbs in Rat Aorta Ring Model. Yakhteh. 11. Objective: Angiogenesis is a key process in the promotion of cancer and its metastasis. Many natural health products inhibit angiogenesis. Because of the lack of molecular studies on the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of shallot (Allium ascalonicum); except a few clinical studies on other shallot properties, such as the anti-proliferative effect of shallot chloroformed extract on two tumor cell lines, the present study focuses on the anti-angiogenic effect of aqueous shallot extract using an aorta ring model. Materials and Methods: Aortic rings were obtained by cross-sectioning, at 1- 2 mm intervals, the thoracic aorta of 4- 8 weeks Wistar male rats and cultured them in a thin drop of type I collagen gel. After 3 days of culturing and first sprouting, the extract of A. ascalonicum (from 25 to 800 μg/ ml) was added to cultures. The results of anti-angiogenic activity were investigated by microscope. The cytotoxicity of extract at different doses on HUVECs was measured by trypan blue assay. Results: The results showed that the shallot extract has a suitable anti-angiogenic effect in a range of 50 to 800 μg/ ml, but in 25 μg/ ml, the extract has no considerable effect. In addition, a tangible cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells at the above-mentioned doses was observed. Conclusion: Our study showed that aqueous extract of A. ascalonicum bulbs has noticeable anti-angiogenic activity without toxic effect on the cells in doses that ranged from 50- 800 μg/ ml. Therefore, A. ascalonicum can be a potential candidate for further investigations used in angiogenesis-related pathologic conditions.
• Adeyemo, Aanuoluwapo & Josiah, Sunday & Omoba, Olufunmilayo & Olagunju, Aderonke. (2024). Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)- enriched Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) Biscuits ameliorates Diabetes, Hypertension and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin/ High- Fat Diet induced Diabetic Rats. 10. 21203/ rs. 3. Rs- 4018654/ v1. This study was designed to investigate the effect of shallot-enriched plantain biscuits (SEPB) on diabetes, hypertension, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)/high-fat diet (HFD)- induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Group 1: Control, Group 2: Untreated diabetic rats, Groups 3 and 4: Diabetic rats fed with plantain biscuit supplemented with 0 % and 20 % shallot, respectively, Group 5: Diabetic rats fed with commercial onion biscuit, and Group 6: Diabetic rats orally treated with Metformin (100 mg/ kg, body weight). The treatment lasted for 14 days. Glucose levels, lipid profiles, atherogenic/coronary risk indices, and hepatic/renal function markers in the plasma of diabetic rats were evaluated. Assessment of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activities were carried out. Furthermore, the activities/levels of oxidative stress markers and histopathology status were assessed in the liver and kidney of the experimental rats using standard methods. Our results showed that SEPB significantly (p < 0.05) lowered glucose levels, moderated lipid profile function, and ameliorated hepato-renal dysfunctions in diabetic rats. The activities of pancreatic α-amylase, intestinal α-glucosidase, and hepatic/renal ACE increased significantly (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats fed with SEPB compared to untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, SEPB significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated oxidative stress as adjudged by increased glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, coupled with decreased lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. The results obtained from the histopathology assessment further confirm the protective potentials of SEPB. The study suggested that SEPB exhibits antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant potentials; hence, it may be suitable as a functional snack.
• Khodavandi, Alireza & Alizadeh, Fahimeh & Namvar, Farideh & Mohamad, Rosefarizan & Chong, Pei. (2014). Anti- Candida potential of Allium ascalonicum Linn: Antibiofilm activity and biomolecular mechanism of action. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 8. 349- 356. Persian Shallot (Allium ascalonicum Linn.) has been proven to possess some antimicrobial properties against some bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Indeed, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal properties of several Persian Shallot extracts against important Candida species. In the first stage, the preliminary screening of antifungal activity was determined by a disc diffusion test. The effective extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) were proceeded to obtain minimum inhibitory concentration using a broth microdilution test, and a time-kill study was also performed at time intervals. Results showed that the Shallot-hexane extract was more effective in terms of Candida species growth. Subsequently, the effects of the extracts on C. albicans biofilm were determined using an XTT assay. Finally, the expression level of a crucial gene involved in biofilm formation in C. albicans was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT- PCR. The MIC ranged from 5- 600 μg/ mL for different species of Candida. Moreover, in the time-kill study, no colonies were observed at 1× MIC after 24 h of incubation period. On the other hand, the XTT assay showed a significant reduction of biofilm in Candida treated by Shallot at level p< 0.05. Eventually, the expression level of HWP1 was downregulated through the semi-quantitative RT- PCR (p< 0.05). The present study indicates that HWP1 could be one of the possible targets of Shallot to inhibit biofilm in C. albicans.
• Saenthaweesuk, Suphaket & Jitvaropas, Rungrat & Somparn, Nuntiya & Thuppia, Amornnat. (2015). An investigation of antimicrobial and wound healing potential of Allium ascalonicum Linn. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet than phat. 98 Suppl 2. S22- 7. The pharmacological properties of Allium ascalonicum Linn., commonly called shallot, have been reported as including those that are antibacterial and antioxidant. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and wound-healing activity of the ethanolic extracts of Allium ascalonicum Linn. (AAE). The antimicrobial activity of AAE was tested in vitro using the disc diffusion method and a broth micro-dilution technique to determine the minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) and the minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC). The wound-healing activity of the extract was performed on rat test subjects. The AAE showed potential antimicrobial activity by inhibiting gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. MIC and MMC varied from 25- 50 mg/ ml and 25- 200 mg/ ml, respectively. After surgery 14 days, wound contractions of treated groups and standard groups were 78.61 +/- 1.20 %, 78.55 +/- 1.93 %, and 100 %, respectively; but, in the control group, wound contraction was 64.90 +/- 3.55 %. Histological studies showed the complete epidermis and found the collagen fibers and fibroblasts have a similar appearance as the standard group in the dermis. The results of the histological evaluation have confirmed the remarkable wound-healing activities of AAE. Taken together the present study provides evidence that AAE extract processes antimicrobial and wound-healing activities.