Punarnava (Boerhavia Diffusa)

Recent Research on Boerhavia diffusa

• Patel, Monali & Verma, R. & S, Shrivastav. (2014). Antioxidant activity of Boerhavia Diffusa extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 6. 598- 605. In vitro antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Boerhavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) was evaluated by studying superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitrous oxide radical scavenging activity, 1, 1- diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing ability and Fe +2 chelating ability using standard procedure. Identification and quantification of the boerhavinone B, one of the active constituents of the Boerhavia diffusa plant extract, was carried out by HPLC analysis. The result of the present study indicates that the Boerhavia diffusa extract shows a high amount of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and ascorbic acid contents. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Boerhavia diffusa effectively scavenged free radicals at all different concentrations and showed potent antioxidant potency and effects were in a dose-dependent manner. Boerhavia diffusa extract possesses potent antioxidative properties.
• Beegum, Juna & Beevy, Suhara & Sugunan, V. S. (2016). Natural antioxidant activity of Boerhavia diffusa L. 8. 8- 13. Objective: To evaluate the anti-oxidant properties of Boerhavia diffusa ethanolic, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts. Methods: In vitro antioxidant potential as well as total phenolic and flavanoid content of B. diffusa have been investigated by different assays including scavenging activity and reducing power assays. Results: All three extracts of B.diffusa showed significant antioxidant activities compared to the standard antioxidants in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 values indicated that the ethanolic extract of the plant has more scavenging activities and reduces power than others. Ethanolic extract was found to have the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with the values 73.2±5.01 expressed in mg gallic acid/gm dry extract and 56.51±4.11 expressed in mg rutin/gm dry extract respectively. Conclusion: The data obtained in the present study suggests that the B.diffusa extracts have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, prevent damage to major biomolecules, and afford significant protection against oxidative damage. 
• Sirou, Mama & Ibrahima, Amidou & Attakpa, Eugène & Gbessohele, Béhanzin & Amoussa, Abdou Madjid & Lagnika, Latifou & Guinnin, Felix & Rodrigue, Akotegnon & Hounnankpon, Yedomonhan & Sezan, Alphonse & Baba-Moussa, Farid & Baba-Moussa, Lamine. (2018). Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Various Extracts of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae). The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal. The main objective of this work is to make the phytochemical screening to evaluate the phenolic composition and anti-radical activity of various extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. that will explain his therapeutic effects. It will characterize the chemical groups, to identify the best solvent extraction of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins by testing and modifying the extraction solvents and evaluating in vitro antioxidant activity of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol extracts from Boerhaavia diffusa trapping method according to the free radical DPPH. Boerhavia diffusa Linn. is a plant of the Beninese pharmacopeia used in traditional medicine in Benin. In this work n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol extracts were prepared from the stem leaves of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. The quantitative estimation of total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids by the colorimetric method showed that the extracts are rich in these compounds. Evaluation of antioxidant power was performed using the method of DPPH free radical trapping. Keywords Boerhavia diffusa Linn; Free radical scavenging activity; DPPH; total phenols; flavonoids; tannins Introduction Boerhavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) has been widely studied for its chemical constituents and therapeutic activities. The roots are the source of a novel class of isoflavonoids known as rotenoids, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, xanthones, purine nucleosides, lignans, ecdysteroids, and steroids. Various animal studies and trials have confirmed the presence of activities, for example, immunomodulation, hepatoprotection, anti-fibrinolysis, anticancer activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-inflammation, and diuresis. In this paper, traditional uses, are chemical constituents.
• Gopal, T.K. & Gugnani, Harish & Chamundeeswari, Duraipandian & Reddy, C. (2010). In-vitro antioxidant activity of roots of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 1. 782-788. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Chloroform, Ethanol, and Ethyl acetate fraction of B. diffusa L roots which might have improved its reported hepatoprotective action. Preliminary phytochemical testing showed the presence of high amounts of tannins and phenolics in the various extracts of B. diffusa L. Herbal drugs containing free radical scavengers like phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids are known for their therapeutic activity hence the present study was undertaken to evaluate antioxidant activity of different extracts of B. diffusa L roots which might have improved its reported pharmacological actions. Invitro nitric oxide scavenging activity, the percentage inhibition was 71.35 %, 33.74 %, and 23.85 % in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts at 250 mcg/ ml when compared with Curcumin at 62 mcg/ ml showed only 84.7 % inhibition respectively. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate showed a biphasic response whereas the chloroform extract showed a dose-dependent increase. In DPPH radical scavenging activity, the ethanol extract showed 81.94 % inhibition and the chloroform extract showed 42.58 % inhibition at 1000 mcg/ ml compared with 88.02 % inhibition by Quercetin. The above results suggest that roots of B. diffusa L were found to reveal antioxidant potential which supports the use of this plant in traditional medicine.
• Ramya, Dakoju & Devarakonda, Ramadevi. (2017). ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WHOLE PLANT OF BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA LINN. 3877- 3880. Objective: This research aimed to analyze the antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and of the phytochemicals extracted from Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Whole plant.Methods: The anti-oxidant activity of the Methanol extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was done by using the DPPH method. The antimicrobial activity was performed by using the cup plate agar diffusion method. Results: Methanol extract of Boerhaavia diffusa whole plant was shown to have declined in antioxidant activity with the increase in concentration. There was a considerable amount of zone of inhibition observed in antimicrobial activity when the assay was performed against E. coli. However, no such zone of inhibition was observed against Bacillus subtilis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of concentrations dependent on DPPH radical by methanolic extract of B. diffusa whole plant and ascorbic acid for in vitro studies. The result revealed the zone of inhibition of Anti-bacterial activity of methanol crude extract of B. diffusa whole plant against tested bacterial species (gram +ve and gram –ve). The methanol extract was obtained by this study. Conclusion: The present study validates the effective use of B. diffusa against microbial growth and also has antioxidant activity.
• Vasundhara, C. C. S. & Devi, S. (2015). Free radical scavenging activity of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. P77- P84. The oxidative degenerative disorders are caused due to free radical accumulation in the body and there is a need for new antioxidants from plant sources to protect ourselves from the radicals. The present study was aimed at evaluating the free radical scavenging activity generated by the different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous) of leaves of Boerhavia diffusa. In vitro, methods like DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide radical scavenging activity were adopted for the study. The scavenging effect of the plant extracts and the standard ascorbic acid showed a dose-dependent increase with the increase in concentration in percent inhibition (20 – 100 μg/ ml). The ethanolic extract of the leaves was found to possess a better scavenging activity at 100 μg/ ml concentration towards DPPH (60.8± 0.21 %), ABTS (71± 0.31 %), nitric oxide (80.4± 0.1 %), hydroxyl (76.4± 0.21 %), hydrogen peroxide (74.5± 0.17 %) and superoxide (79.6± 0.26 %) radicals. Hence the result of the present study confirms the antioxidant potential of the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa.
• Premakumari, C. & Kanagavalli, U. & Sadiq, A. & Hemalatha, S. & Kalaimagal, (2019). Antioxidant and immune-modulatory assay of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 10. 223- 226. 10. 26452/ ijrps. v10i1. 1809. Botanical and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds; the focus of the study is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation, and characterization of alkaloid fractions from Boerhavia diffusa Linn. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the Boerhavia diffusa Linn involving the procedure includes column chromatography, TLC, Immunoassay by PMN & Antioxidant assay by DPPH & FRAP method. Dietary supplementation with antioxidant properties may greatly help in the healthy metabolism of our body. A natural alkaloid that is isolated from a herbal plant B.diffusa Linn has antioxidant & Immunomodulatory effects & also B.diffusa Linn has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-bacterial, anti-ageing & diuretic activities as well.
• Muthulingam, M & Karri, Krishna. (2018). In vitro anticancer activity of methanolic leaf extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. against MCF-7 cell line. Drug Invention Today. Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among females, medicinal plants are potential sources for the treatment of cancer. Breast cancer cells have increasingly shown resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Plant-derived secondary metabolites are proven to be an important source of anticancer drugs. Boerhaavia diffusa is an important medicinal plant used by many people to cure both infectious and non-infectious diseases.  Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect (anticancer activity) and observation of cell morphology changes of breast cancer (MCF- 7) cell lines when treated with the methanolic leaf extract of B. diffusa. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of the methanolic leave extract of B. diffusa against MCF- 7 cell lines was evaluated by 3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), a yellow tetrazolium (MTT) assay and observable changes of cell morphology of MCF- 7 on exposure to the extract using phase-contrast microscope. Results: The results demonstrated that the methanolic leave extract of B. diffusa with different concentrations (2550, 100, and 200 μg/ mL) had shown a dose-dependent significant cytotoxic activity of 13.9 %, 27.96 %, 43.65 %, and 52.86, respectively, with half maximal inhibitory concentration of 69.18 μg/ ml and 47.14 % of cell viability was observed at 200 μg/ ml concentration of methanolic leave extract of B. diffusa. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that the methanolic leave extract of B. diffusa showed significant anticancer activity against MCF- 7 cell lines and the methanolic leave extract of B. diffusa could be used for the treatment of breast cancer.
• Sreekumar, Sreeja & Sreeharshan, Sreeja. (2009). An in vitro study on antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects of Boerhaavia diffusa L. extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 126. 221- 5. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2009. 08. 041. Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Nyctinaceae) is a plant of the tropical region used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of human ailments including abdominal tumors, jaundice, dyspepsia, menstrual disorders, etc. This plant also has anti-lymphoproliferative, antimetastatic, and immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to assess the antiproliferative and antiestrogenic properties of methanol extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BME) in MCF- 7 breast cancer cell lines. The effective concentration range of BME on cell viability was analyzed using an MTT assay. Hydroxylapatite assay (HAP) was carried out to confirm the competitive binding of BME to the estrogen receptor (ER). The effect of BME on the expression of a selected estrogen-responsive gene pS2 was analyzed by RT- PCR. The ability of BME to alter the cell cycle phases and distributions was studied using FACS analysis. Treatment with varying concentrations of BME (20- 320 microg/ mL) resulted in moderate to very strong growth inhibition in MCF-7 cell lines. BME competed with [(3) H]-estradiol for binding to ER with an IC (50) value of 320 +/ – 25 microg/ mL. RT-PCR analysis revealed that BME reduced the mRNA expression of pS2 indicating the antiestrogenic action of BME. BME treatment for 48 h resulted in a remarkable increase in the number of MCF- 7 cells in the G0-G1 fraction from 69.1 % to 75.8 %, with a reciprocal decrease of cells in all other phases indicating cell cycle arrest at the G0- G1 phase. The results demonstrate that Boerhaavia diffusa possesses antiproliferative and antiestrogenic properties and suggest that it may have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent breast cancers.
• Ibrahime, Sinan & Akpulat, Ugur & Aldahish, Afaf & Celik Altunoglu, Yasemin & Baloglu, Mehmet & Zheleva-Dimitrova, Dimitrina & Gevrenova, Reneta & Lobine, Devina & Mahomoodally, Fawzi & Etienne, Ouattara & Zengin, Gokhan & Mahmud, Shafi & Capasso, Raffaele. (2021). LC-MS/ HRMS Analysis, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Antioxidant Effects of Boerhavia diffusa Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Antioxidant Effects of Boerhavia diffusa Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications. Antioxidants. 2021. 21. 10. 3390/ antiox- 10122003. Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and infusion (water)) on the chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. A UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating, and phosphor-molybdenum) were applied. About enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, and acyl quinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids, and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.
• Umamaheswari, A & Nuni, A & Shreevidya, R. (2010). Evaluation of the anti-bacterial activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. leaves. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 4. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 63879. The present study aimed to evaluate the qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa L. (Family: Nyctaginaceae) leaves. The antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of B. diffusa L. leaves was tested against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition. The Gram-positive bacteria used in the test were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis and Micrococcus luteus, and the Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholerae. It was observed that ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts showed activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol extract of B. diffusa L. leaves showed more activity against Gram-positive (e.g. S. aureus, zone of diameter 11 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. E. coli, zone of diameter 9 mm) when compared to other solvent extracts except for V. cholerae. The results confirmed the presence of antibacterial activity of B. diffusa L. leaf extract against various human pathogenic bacteria.
• B, Rema Shree & Remashree, AB. (2014). ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA AND PUNARNAVASAVAM ON URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) CAUSING PATHOGENS. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 3. the present study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Boerhavia diffusa leaves and an ayurvedic product Punarnavasavam on five Urinary Tract Infection pathogens. Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, and Proteus species were isolated from urine samples using standard microbiological procedures. The antimicrobial activity of Punarnavasavam which contains Boerhavia diffusa and different extracts of Boerhavia diffusa leaves was investigated on these pathogens using the Disc diffusion method, Well diffusion method, and Minimum inhibitory concentration. HPTLC quantification of the Boerhavia diffusa water and ethanolic extracts was also carried out. The ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa and the Polyherbal formulation Punarnavasavam were highly effective against all the bacterial species isolated. Results indicated that Punarnavasavam and ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa leaves contain compounds with therapeutic activity. Antibacterial activity was observed higher in Punarnavasavam compared to Boerhavia diffusa leaves.
• Chinnappan, Baskaran & Sivamani, P. & Bai, V. (2012). Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of Boerhavia diffusa. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4. 434- 436. reported to use of different parts of the plant for food and Medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts of Boerhavia diffusa L. (Family: Nyctaginaceae). The antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of B. diffusa L. was tested against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and fungus by observing the zone of inhibition. The Gram-positive bacteria used in the test were Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Micrococcus luteus, and the Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Fungus such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and C. albicans were used. It was observed that ethanol, methanol, chloroform, hexane, and acetone extract showed activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The ethanol extract of B. diffusa L. roots showed more activity against Gram-positive (e.g. S. aureus, 11 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. E. coli, 9 mm) when compared to other solvent extracts. The results confirmed the presence of antimicrobial activity of B. diffusa L. roots extract against various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
• Joseph, Belgin & Chacko, Meenu & Rebello, Sharrel & Babu, Ramesh. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Boerhavia diffusa Against MRSA. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 8. 40- 44. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods for improving the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. In the present study, biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONps) has been demonstrated using an aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa leaves and the antimicrobial activity of synthesized nanoparticles was assessed in contrast to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 140 nm. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties were also evaluated with the green synthesized ZnONPs and found highly effective. The molecular identification by ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) PCR authenticated the taxonomic status of Boerhavia diffusa. This study proved that the ZnONPs could inhibit the activity of biofilms formed by MRSA strains and could be used as a potential antibacterial agent for cleaning and disinfection of MRSA in hospitals and other health care centers. In this regard, there is also an urgent need for further investigation of its use in cleaning and disinfection of equipment used in food industries and contagious materials.
• Raj, Adarsha & Sikdar, Bratati & Roy, Alokesh & Mukhopadhyay, Asish & Roy, Sudipta. (2021). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Phytochemicals in Methanolic Extracts of Five Underutilized Leafy Vegetables. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 16. 1- 10. 10. 25303/ 168rjbt0121. Leafy vegetables are important for their nutritive and medicinal value. However, many of them are less explored and underutilized. The present study evaluates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities present in five underutilized leafy vegetables such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Boerhavia diffusa, Enydra(=Enhydra) fluctuans, Glinus oppositifolius and Suaeda maritima. Methanolic extracts from leafy edible parts of these plants possessed diverse phytochemicals. Of these plants, the polyphenol contents like total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total tannin (TTC) were the highest in E. fluctuans with significant variations concerning other plants. Also, the antioxidant activities of E. fluctuans were greater comparing other plants; the parameters were the total antioxidant activity (TAA), ferric-reducing power assay, and ability to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals. The effect of varying extract- quantities revealed the highest antibacterial activity of the E. fluctuans extracts with substantial inhibition zones against six bacterial strains. Accordingly, the E. fluctuans extracts showed the lowest MIC (2.75± 0.35 mg ml-1) and MBC (3.50± 0.71 mg ml-1), albeit with significant variations with ampicillin. The study highlights that these plants are the untapped repertoires of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for dietary and therapeutic uses.
• MS, Mahesh & DU, Santhosha & R, Manasa & S, Vishwanath & R, Shekhara Naik. (2021). Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science. 3. 109- 113. 10. 18231/ j. ijnmhs. 2020. 022. is also known as Punarnava in Ayurveda, which is widely spread during warmer climates throughout India and other countries. 6 species are available in India of which B. diffusa is one among them. In Ayurveda, this plant is used for so many diseases like liver, kidney, and heart, diseases. Also, it cures different types of cancers caused by different mechanisms. It is also used as an anti-microbial, and it also deals with other properties. All these properties are due to different essential phytochemical components. Here in this review, we have discussed, hepatoprotective activity property of developing protection against injuries, toxicity, and another mode which put the liver into dangerous condition/ toxicity.
• Venkatalakshmi, P. & Vallabi, E.D. & Netaji, S. (2011). Hepatoprotective activity of boerhavia diffusa against paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 3. 229- 232. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepato-protective activity of Boerhavia diffusa against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic rats. Administration of paracetamol (3 g/ kg. b. wt.,) produced significant changes in the hepatocytes which were reflected in the altered parameters such as ALT, AST, GSH, Protein, and Serum creatinine levels. Treatment with B.diffusa root extract (1 g/ kg. b. wt.,) produced remarkable changes and brought back the altered parameters to near normal, proving its hepato-protective activity.
• Ramachandra, Y L & Shilali, K. & Ahmed, M. & Hegde, Sudeep & Kavitha, B.T. & Gurumurthy, H. & Rai, Padmalatha. (2011). Hepatoprotective properties of boerhaavia diffusa and Aerva lanata against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 3. 435- 441. The petroleum ether extract, methanolic extracts, and isolated compounds of B. diffusa and A. lanata were subjected to pharmacological screening on mice models. All the extracts obtained showed hepatoprotective activity in albino rats where the hepatotoxicity was induced by administering CCl4. Animals treated with doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/ kg, of plant extracts, showed significant protection of liver histologically and serum tests after the last doses of CCl4. Thus the current study reveals that plant extracts from the plants B. diffusa and A. lanata have significant hepatoprotective properties.
• Desai, S.K. & Desai, S.M. & Navdeep, S. & Arya, P. & Pooja, T. (2011). The antistress activity of Boerhaavia diffusa root extract and a polyherbal formulation containing Boerhaavia diffusa using cold restraint stress model. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3. 130-132. Hydroethanolic extract (80 %) of Boerhaavia diffusa (HEBD) and a polyherbal formulation (Punarnava Mandur) PHF- 09 containing Boerhaavia diffusa were compared for their antistress activity using a Cold restraint stress model. Punarnava mandur contains Boerhaavia diffusa, mandur bhasm, varun, bharangi. Stress was induced by subjecting animals to Cold restraint. Due to Cold restraint stress, there was an imbalance in the levels of biochemical parameters like glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, SGOT, and SGPT which were near normalized following the administration of HEBD and PHF-09. HEBD and PHF-09 were found to have comparable antistress activity.
• Venkatesh, Porika & Dinakar, A. & Senthilkumar, N. (2012). Hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa and Anisochlilus Carnosus against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 5. 232-234. An alcoholic extract of stem and leaves of Boerhaavia Diffusa (AEBD) and leaves of Anisochilus Carnosus (AEAC) was studied for hepatoprotective activity against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatotoxicity was introduced in Albino rats of either sex by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (in olive oil). Alcoholic extracts of AEBD and AEAC were administered to the experimental rats at the dose levels 150mg and 300mg/kg body weight, 200mg and 400mg/kg body weight of AEBD and AEAC respectively. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were evaluated by the assay of liver function biochemical parameters like Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (SALP), Total and Direct Serum Bilirubin. It was concluded that the alcoholic extracts of AEBD and AEAC possess hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
• Shrman, Kshemankar & Sahni, Y. P. (2011). The anti-stress activity of boerhaavia diffusa in rats. Indian Veterinary Journal. 88. 32-34. The anti-stress activity of the Indigenous medicinal plant Boerhaavia diffusa (Punarvnava) was evaluated against anoxia tolerance test and swimming-induced stress in albino rats. Fluphenazine, a standard anti-stress drug was used to compare the activity of B. diffusa. The results revealed that the alcoholic extract of B. diffusa exhibited significant antistress activity in both models of stress. However aqueous extract showed significant anti-stress activity in the swimming-induced stress model only.
• Jalan, R. & Lakshminarayanan, Arivarasu & Shanmugam, Rajeshkumar & Thangavelu, Lakshmi. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Boerhavia diffusa Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 343- 353. 10. 9734/ jpri/ 2021/ v33i61B35607. Introduction: Boerhaavia diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the four o’clock family which is commonly known as punarnava, red spiderling, spreading hogweed, or tarvine. It is taken in herbal medicine for pain relief and other uses. Zinc oxide is used to treat or prevent minor skin irritations such as burns, cuts, and diaper rash. Some products may be used as sunscreen. Materials and Methods: Bovine serum albumin was used for the assay. 2ml of bovine albumin was mixed with 400 microliters of hyaluronic acid-mediated zinc nanoparticles in different concentrations. Diclofenac sodium in different concentrations was used as standard and then incubated for 55 c for 20 min and then the result was analyzed spectrometrically. Results: According to the results, at 10 μl, 20 μl,30 μl, 40 μl and 50 μl concentration the percentage of inhibition is 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 85 %, and 90 % when compared to standard concentration and its percentage of inhibition is 95 %. As the concentration increases, the percentage of inhibition also increases. Conclusion: From the above study, it is evident that zinc sulfate nanoparticles synthesized by Boerhevia diffusa-based showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect.
• Sani, Saifuddin & Singh, Vijender & Gupta, Vijeta. (2020). CLINICAL EVALUATION OF BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA L EXTRACT OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH. 7. 844. Boerhaavia diffusa is a flowering plant that belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae. It exhibits an immense ethnopharmacological history and it is a reservoir of phytochemical stochastic therapeutic qualities. It is one of the oldest Asian medicines listed in Ayurveda as a possible cure for various diseases. The whole plant or its element (aerial components and roots) has many medicinal properties and is used for specific conditions by common and ethnic people, it is rich in glycosides, steroids, and flavonoids and also contains various polyphenolic compounds. Boerhaavia diffusa has been studied with great interest in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology because of its promising medicinal values, with various pre-clinical trials confirming the presence of activities like anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antifungal, anti-proliferative, antiestrogenic, analgesic, antibacterial, and other ethnopharmacological uses. Allopathic medicine is almost at the height of established research and advanced technology. Therefore, with the help of advanced research methodology, there is an urgent need to validate the principles and drugs used in the alternative medicine system, including herbal drugs. In summary, this review article provides updated information regarding the plant morphology, chemical compositions responsible for therapeutic values, traditional uses, and its reported pharmacological properties, and ethnopharmacological applications with a potential scope of development on Boerhaavia diffusa.
• Shameela, S. & Shamshad, Shaik & Priyadarsini, Indira & Paul, M. & Devi, K. (2015). The hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activity of Boerhaavia diffusa in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarcted rats. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. P1-P10. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diseases of the circulatory system can be described as all diseases relating to the heart and blood vessels. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there will be about 20 million CVD deaths in 2015, accounting for 30 percent of all deaths worldwide. The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective role of whole plant extract of Boerhaavia diffusa on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I served as a normal control, Group II rats were administered isoproterenol (85 mg/ kg, i.p) at the end of the experimental period on the 45th and 46th days. Group III received an ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa 150mg/kg b.w for 45 days. Group IV rats were pretreated with Boerhaavia diffusa 150mg/kg b.w for 45 days and received an intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/ kg, b.w) at the end of the experimental period for 2 consecutive days. After the experimental period, blood was collected and serum was separated and used for the estimation of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and lipoproteins and the assay of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. The heart homogenate was used for the assay lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. Isoproterenol-induced rats showed a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids in both serum and heart homogenate. A rise in the levels of LDL and VLDL with a significant decrease in the level of HDL was also observed in the serum and heart tissues of isoproterenol-treated rats. However, the phospholipid content was found to be significantly increased in serum and decreased in heart tissue. The values of the atherogenic index and C/P ratio were significantly increased in the ISPH-treated group. The oral administration of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa 150/ kg b.w) to isoproterenol-induced rats daily for 45 days proved the protective role of Boerhaavia diffusa. The levels of the biochemical parameters in the plant-treated groups were nearly the same as that of the normal control.
• Pareta, Surendra & Patra, Kartik & Mazumder, Papiya & Sasmal, Dinakar. (2011). Aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa root ameliorates ethylene glycol-induced hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal injury in rat kidneys. Pharmaceutical biology. 49. 1224- 33. 10. 3109/ 13880209. 2011. 581671. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) is widely used in traditional Indian medicines against renal afflictions including calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis and is known for antioxidant activity. The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorating effect of aqueous extract of B. diffusa roots (BDE) in hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal cell injury. In vitro, the antioxidant activity of BDE was estimated in terms of total phenolic content and 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. Wistar albino rats were given 0.75 % v/v ethylene glycol in drinking water to induce chronic hyperoxaluria and simultaneously BDE was given to nephrolithiasic treated rats at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/ kg b.w. Orally for 28 days. Urinary volume, oxalate, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GST, GPx) were evaluated.
• BDE extract was found to possess a high total phenolic content and exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity. Oxalate excretion significantly increased in hyperoxaluric animals as compared to control which was protected in BDE-treated animals. BDE treatment significantly reduced the level of MDA and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes followed by a reduction in BUN and serum creatinine. In addition, BDE reduced the number of CaOx monohydrate crystals in the urine. Histological analysis depicted that BDE treatment inhibited the deposition of CaOx crystal and renal cell damage. The present study reveals that the antioxidant activity of BDE significantly protects against hyperoxaluric oxidative stress and renal cell injury in urolithiasis.
• Murti, Krishna & Lambole, Vijay & Panchal, Mayank & Kumar, Upendra. (2011). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of roots of Boerhaavia Diffusa on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline. 1. 15- 21. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic -activity potential of Boerhaavia Diffusa roots against streptozotocin (STZ) induced experimental rats. Ethanolic extract of roots of Boerhaavia Diffusa was administered to streptozotocin-induced rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of a dose of Boerhaavia Diffusa (400 mg/ kg b. wt) in diabetic groups. Blood glucose levels were determined on 0, 7th, 14th, and 21st days after oral administration of ethanolic extracts of Boerhaavia Diffusa (400 mg/ kg). An ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia Diffusa was found to reduce blood sugar in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Reduction in blood sugar could be seen from the 7th day after continuous administration of the extract. The effect of extracts of Boerhaavia Diffusa on serum lipid profiles like Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density, very low density, and high-density lipoprotein was also measured in the diabetic and nondiabetic rats. There was a significant reduction in Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol and an improvement in HDL cholesterol in diabetic rats. These results indicated that Boerhaavia Diffusa possesses a hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effect.
• Kanagavalli, U. & Bhuvaneshwari, B. & Sadiq, A. (2015). Anti-diabetic activity of boerhaavia diffusa against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. B1215- B1219. The main objective of the present study was Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was assessed. After the treatment, blood samples were collected and the serum was subjected to estimate different biochemical parameters viz. blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, urea, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, and protein levels. There was a steep decrease in protein and insulin, and elevated levels of blood glucose, urea, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, and triglycerides are seen. It becomes normal after exposure to aqueous leaf extract of Boerhaavia diffusa. It may be concluded that Boerhaavia diffusa might be used in the treatment of diabetics.
• Pareta, Surendra & Patra, Kartik & Mazumder, Papiya & Sasmal, Dinakar. (2010). Boerhaavia diffusa Linn aqueous extract as a curative agent in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis. Pharmacologyonline. 3. C. G.)- 495009, India Summary Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. is a widely used plant in India, as a traditional medicine for the treatment of renal disorders including urolithiasis as mentioned in Ayurveda, Charaka Samhita, and Sushrita Samhita. The present study aims to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. root aqueous extract (BDAE) and rationalize its use in treating renal stones. Male Wister Albino rats (180- 200 g body weight) were orally administered with 0.75 % v/v ethylene glycol (EG) and 1 % ammonium chloride for 3 days in drinking water and then 0.75 % EG only until they reached three weeks to induce the deposition of calcium (CaOx) crystal deposition in rat kidney. The lithogenic treatment caused weight loss, hyperoxaluria, and impairment of renal function. However, treatment with BDAE (100 or 200 mg/ kg) did not cause excessive hyperoxaluria and consequently reduced the crystal depositions in a dose-dependent manner in rat kidneys after one week of urolithiasis induction. Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. causes diuresis and hastens the process of dissolving the preformed crystals and helps in the mechanical expulsion of the stone, improves renal function by increasing the removal of waste product and decreases the oxalate excretion probably by interfering with metabolism. Results of this study indicate Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. possesses antiurolithiatic activity, that is possibly mediated through diuretic and hypo-oxaluric effects.
• Pari, L & Marudamuthu, Amarnath. (2004). Antidiabetic Effect of Boerhavia diffusa: Effect on Serum and Tissue Lipids in Experimental Diabetes. Journal of medicinal food. 7. 472- 6. 10. 1089/ jmf. 2004. 7. 472. The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of an aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa leaves in alloxan diabetic rats. Hyperlipidemia is an associated complication of diabetes mellitus. Many herbs and spices are known to be antihyperglycemic. Oral administration of B. diffusa leaf extract (BLEt) at 200 mg/ kg of body weight for 4 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in serum and tissue cholesterol, free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides. Moreover, BLEt supplementation was found to be more effective than glibenclamide in the treatment of diabetic rats.
• Shrman, Kshemankar & Sahni, Y. P.  (2012). Analgesic effect of boerhaavia diffusa. Indian Veterinary Journal. 89. 27- 29. The analgesic activity of the indigenous medicinal plant Boerhaavia diffusa (Punamava) was studied. The analgesic activity for both aqueous and alcoholic extracts was screened by the heat-induced analgesia method in albino rats. Pentazocine, a standard analgesic drug was used to compare the analgesic activity of B. diffusa extracts. The results revealed that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of B. diffusa in a dose of 400 mg/ kg bw given i/p exhibited significant analgesic activity.
• Pareta, Surendra & Patra, Kartik & Mazumder, P. & Sasmal, Dinakar. (2011). Prophylactic Role of Boerhaavia diffusa in Ethylene Glycol Induced Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis. African Journal of Urology. 17. 28- 36. 10. 1007/ s12301- 011- 0007- 1. Introduction Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (Family: Nyctaginaceae) is a widely used plant in India and Brazil as a traditional medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis and other urinary disorders. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the antiurolithic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa root aqueous extract (BDE) as prophylaxis for renal stones. Methods In vitro calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization inhibitory effect of BDE was determined by measuring the change in turbidity at 620nm on the addition of sodium oxalate in the synthetic urine. In a rat model of urolithiasis, induced by adding 0.75 % ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water, and effect of simultaneous treatment of BDE (100– 200 mg/ kg) was observed for 28 days. Results BDE inhibited CaOx nucleation, aggregation, and crystal formation in the synthetic urine in vitro in addition to NaOx. The lithogenic treatment caused polyuria, weight loss, hyperoxaluria, and impairment of renal function which was prevented by BDE. Hyperoxaluria and CaOx crystal deposition in the renal tubules caused by EG intake were prevented by BDE treatment. Conclusion This study indicates that the antiurolithic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa extract possibly mediated through inhibition of CaOx crystallization, diuresis, and hypo-oxaluria may justify its prophylactic use in urolithiasis.

Recent Research on Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.  

• Das, Uttam & Saha, Tanmay & Ghosh, Rita & Das, S. K. (2020). Trianthema portulacastrum L.: Traditional medicine in healthcare and biology. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 57. 127- 145. Medicinal plants are the major folk and traditional medicine for the prevention of diseases worldwide. Trianthema portulacastrum L. (family: Aizoaceae), is a small perennial weed, found in America, Africa, India, and other regions of the world, and is extensively used not only as medicine but also as a vegetable for its various health benefits. Phytochemical analysis of T. portulacastrum reveals the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its pharmacological and biological activities. Different parts of T. portulacastrum L. are conventionally used as analgesic, antipyretic, lipid-lowering, and microbicide agents; and protect the liver and kidney from carcinogen, inflammation, and oxidant chemicals. 
• Sukalingam, Kumeshini & Ganesan, Kumar & Ponnusamy, Kumar. (2015). Pharmacological properties of Trianthema portulacastrum L and its therapeutic potential as Complementary Medicine. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 4. 269.
• Yada, Divya. (2021). CHLOROFORM EXTRICATE OF TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM, WHOLE PLANT: AN ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC IN ATHEROGENIC DIET INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS. Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences. 10. 3094- 3096. 10. 22270/ jmpas. V10I4. 1067. Hyperlipidemia is considered to be among the considerable risk factor that contributes to the severity as well as the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Chloroform extrication of the entire plant Trianthema portulacastrum has been studied in atherogenic diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Group- I acted as controls (untreated), Group- II acted as atherogenic diet-induced controls, standard Hypolipidemic drug (Simvastatin 4 mg/ kg) was used for treating Group- III. The Chloroform Extricate of Trianthema portulacastrum was administered orally at 100 mg/ kg and 200 mg/ kg doses for Group IV and V respectively. Serum lipid levels were evaluated after oral administration of the standard drug and Chloroform extricate of Trianthema portulacastrum (100 mg/ kg as well as 200 mg/ kg) respectively at the experimental study’s end. With 200 mg/ kg of Trianthema portulacastrum Chloroform Extricate treatment, a significant reduction in serum lipid parameters like VLDL, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol levels, and increased HDL levels was seen in hyperlipidemic rats as compared to control statistically. From these results, it is evident that Chloroform extract of Trianthema portulacastrum entire plant treats hyperlipidemia and improves the liver lipid profile.
• Dhandapani, Kavitha & Parvatham, R. & Padma, P. R. (2014). Assessment of Trianthema portulacastrum for its antimicrobial potential and investigation of their phytochemicals using HPTLC, GC- MS, and IR. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6. 675- 686. Objective: To evaluate the leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum for their antibacterial activity, antifungal activity and also to identify the nature of the phytochemicals in the selected plant. Materials and Methods: The leaves of the selected plant were extracted in varying solvents of different polarities and tested against the clinical isolates of bacteria and fungi. Qualitative tests, GC- MS, HPTLC, and IR analysis were performed to identify the nature of the phytoconstituents. Results: The methanolic extract was found to be more effective against the bacterial and fungal strains than the aqueous and chloroform extracts and also the antimicrobial activity resided predominantly in flavonoid fractions. The leaves had a broad spectrum of active compounds. The spectral studies were suggestive of the presence of flavonoids, leptorumol, and C- methylflavone. Conclusion: The leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum are an excellent source of various lead molecules that can be developed into an antimicrobial drug.
• Mehta, R.S. & Shekar, Dr.Bonagiri & Geetha, M. & Saluja, Ajay Kumar. (2003). Preliminary Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Journal of Natural Remedies. 3. 180- 184. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2003/ 160. Objective: To study the hepatoprotective effect of aerial parts of Trianthema portulacastrum. Materials and methods: The hepatoprotective activity of T. portulacastrum was evaluated using paracetamol and rifampicin as liver toxicants in rats. The potency of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts was compared with that of silymarin at a dose of 100 mg/ kg, P.O. The SGOT, SGPT, and bilirubin levels of blood were measured spectrophotometrically. Results: Alcoholic extract of aerial parts caused a significant fall in the enzyme levels in serum in rats. Conclusion: T. portulacastrum has shown significant activity in rats intoxicated with paracetamol and rifampicin and can be recommended for further studies.
• Prakash, Anand & Dr. Pracheta & Sharma, Vinay. (2019). Bioactivity and Pharmacological Potential of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Angiosperms: Aizoaceae): An Overview. Plant Science Today. 6. 10. 14719/ pst. 2019. 6. sp1. 678. Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Biskhapra/ Horse purslane) is widely found in tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. This weed automatically spreads in cultivated fields. From ancient times it has been used for curative purposes. The plant has a wide range of applicability and is henceforth used as an Ayurvedic herb. The decoction of this herb is utilized as a vermifuge, an antidote prepared that helps in treating alcohol poisoning and leaves a cure for the wound. In the era of phytomedicines lot of work has been done related to its morphology, ethno-pharmacology, medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. Various pharmacological properties like antimicrobial properties, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperglycemic, and hepato-protective activity make this plant very renowned amongst researchers as they utilized it somewhat like a panacea. Different parts of plants are utilized for therapeutic purposes and extracts are prepared in different solvents used in the treatment of various disorders. In this review, an attempt has been made to provide all-inclusive information about this plant its bioactive compounds, and their pharmacological importance.
• Shivhare, Manoj & Singour, P.K. & Chaurasiya, P.K. & Pawar, Rajesh. (2012). Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Bishkhapra). Pharmacognosy reviews. 6. 132- 40. 10. 4103/ 0973- 7847. 99947.
• Das, Uttam & Saha, Tanmay & Das, S. K. (2018). Trianthema portulacastrum l. Extract protects against gamma radiation-induced human red blood cell membrane damage in vitro. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 55. 321- 327. Radiation-induced oxidation of membrane lipids and proteins appears to be responsible for damaging the red cell membranes. The membrane integrity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) is compromised by the deleterious action of γ-radiation in humans. Trianthema portulacastrum L. is an inexpensive, non-toxic herb commonly used in ayurvedic medicine due to its significant pharmacological activities. Methanolic extract of different parts of T. portulacastrum L. contain carbohydrates, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids; whereas saponin is present only in root extract, while cardiac glycosides are absent in root extract. Here, we explored the radio-protective role of leaf, stem, root, and whole plant extracts of T. portulacastrum L. against the γ-radiation-induced membrane damage of human red blood cells (RBCs). The RBCs on γ-irradiation (4 Gy) exposure showed elevated TBARS levels while inhibited ATPase activities in the membrane ghosts. Treatment of RBCs with different extracts of T. portulacastrum L. at different doses (50 µg/ mL, 100 µg/ mL, 200 µg/ mL) 1h before the exposure of γ-radiation significantly mitigated these changes in the RBC membranes due to presence of antioxidants in the extracts. 
• Wari, Umesh. (2015). ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE PLANT TRIANTHEMA PORTULACASTRUM IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 4. 5867- 5871. 10. 14260/ jemds/ 2015/ 858. Trianthema portulacastrum has many medicinal values and has been used in Ayurveda for a long time for these properties. So, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effects of this plant. Wistar albino rats were treated with whole plant ethanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum 100 mg/ kg orally with 2% gum acacia, as suspending agent and indomethacin 20 mg/ kg as standard. The effects were observed in experimental models of analgesic activity viz, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking test. The study demonstrated that Trianthema portulacastrum reduced the number of writhings in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the duration of paw licking in the formalin-induced paw licking test significantly. Trianthema portulacastrum has significant analgesic activity.
• Kendra, Suresh & Wari, Umesh. (2015). Screening of the anti-inflammatory activity of Trianthema portulacastrum in acute models of inflammation. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 4. 5185- 5189. 10. 14260/ jemds/ 2015/ 757.
• Randhawa, M.A. & Khan, M.A.J. & Khan, N.H. & ASIF, M. (2009). Influence of Trianthema portulacastrum infestation and plant spacing on the yield and quality of maize Grain. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 11. 225- 227. Studies into the influence of Trianthema portulacastrum and maize plant spacing on maize grain yield and quality parameters were carried out under field conditions at Faisalabad. Interactive treatments comprised maize plant spacings i.e., S1 (60 x1 5 cm), S2 (60 x 25 cm), S3 (60 x 35 cm) and Trianthema density i.e., D0 (Control), D1 (5 plants m-2), D2 (10 plants m-2), D3 (15 plant m-2), D4 (20 plant m-2). The results showed that amongst all the interactive treatments, S1D0 (S1 i.e., maize plant at 60 x 15 cm spacing and D0 i.e., 5 plants of Trianthema per square meter) produced the maximum grain yield (3.68 t ha-1), whereas the highest grain starch (70.21 %), protein (3.68 %) and oil contents (8.11 %) was produced in the S3D0. S3D0 also produced excellent results in the form of 1000 grain weight (272.15 g) and weight per cob (58.0 g). Results showed that maize sown at narrow spacing yields better due to more population, but the grain quality improves at wider maize plant spacing with better use of growth resources.
• Balamurugan, G. & Mohan, C.M. & Muthusamy, Prakash. (2009). Protective Effect of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn Leaves on Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Natural Remedies. 9. 165- 169. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2009/ 236. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum leaves in gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. Materials and methods: The nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum leaves was evaluated against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. Various biochemical parameters were assessed, and a histopathological section of the kidney was taken. The protective effect was further studied by analyzing the potential of the extract to scavenge the free radicals. Results: i. p administration of ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum restored the levels of the biochemical factors determined significantly and exhibited a significant potential to scavenge free radicals concerning control. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum exhibited significant (P< 0.001) nephron protective activity.
• Das, Uttam & Saha, Tanmay & Babu, Anindita & Ray, Dilip & Ghosh, Rita & Subir, & Das, Kumar. (2023). Evaluation of radioprotective properties of Trianthema portulacastrum L. stem extract in vivo. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 61. 10. 56042/ ijeb. v61i07. 2216. The common Giant Pigweed or Black Pigweed Trianthema portulacastrum L. is a well-known hepatoprotactant against chemical-induced toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the radioprotective activity of T. portulacastrum stem extract in Swiss albino mice through survival assay and confirmed by histopathology of the liver and jejunum. We observed that at higher concentrations (200 mg/ kg body wt.) of extract, the survival of mice was 20 % higher. The mechanism of protection was evaluated by endogenous colony-forming assay, bone marrow cell count, membrane integrity, and antioxidant enzymes of the liver. Histopathology of the liver and jejunum revealed that irradiated animals have suffered loss of normal architecture of the liver in the form of hepatic sinusoid dilation and neutrophil infiltration, and distorted structure of villi in the jejunum of mice was observed. Pre-treatment of mice with extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum (50, 100, and 200 mg/ kg body wt.) attenuated the effects of radiation in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the increased spleen colony numbers and augmented number of bone marrow cells in extract pre-treated mice, in comparison with untreated irradiated mice suggest the protective activity of T. portulacastrum. The treated group of mice also showed increased activities of antioxidant enzymes measured in tissue homogenates of the liver as compared to the untreated irradiated controls. Our present study demonstrated the dose-dependent radioprotective property of T. portulacastrum against membrane damage.
• Karim, Shafat & Ashraf, Nadeem & Kalam, Mohd & Jahan, Nasreen & Jafri, Mustahsan & Ahmad, G. (2011). Effects of Biskhapra (Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.) leaves extract in adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 5. 329- 335. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 94357. Trianthema portulacastrum popularly known as Biskhapra, is a well-documented drug, used for various kidney ailments, although no scientific evidence is available. The animals were divided into 7 groups of 10 animals each, i.e. plain, negative A, and B, and two pre- and post-treated groups. Plain control was treated with distilled water only and adriamycin (7.5 mg/ kg) was administered to other groups. Negative A and B groups were left untreated for 10 and 30 days, respectively, while pre- and post-treated groups were administered test drugs in a dose of 450 and 900 mg/ kg before and after the administration of adriamycin, respectively, for 20 days. Adriamycin produces proteinuria, increases the serum cholesterol, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and decreases the serum albumin and protein. Therefore, these parameters were taken into account along with histopathological changes in the kidney. The test drug reduced the serum cholesterol, creatinine, and BUN, and increased the serum albumin and protein levels. Histopathological examination revealed remarkable changes in negative control groups, which were corrected in all the test groups. The test drug has preventive as well as curative effects in adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome and aligns with the reports of Unani literature regarding its use in renal disorders.
• Karim, Shafat & Kalam, Mohd & Jafri, Mustahsan & Ashraf, Nadeem & Jahan, Nasreen & Ahmad, G. (2018). Effects of Biskhapra (Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.) leaves extract in adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome. Trianthema portulacastrum popularly known as Biskhapra, is a well-documented drug, used for various kidney ailments, although no scientific evidence is available. The animals were divided into 7 groups of 10 animals each, i.e. plain, negative A, and B, and two pre- and post-treated groups. Plain control was treated with distilled water only and adriamycin (7.5 mg/ kg) was administered to other groups. Negative A and B groups were left untreated for 10 and 30 days, respectively, while pre- and post-treated groups were administered test drugs in a dose of 450 and 900 mg/ kg before and after the administration of Adriamycin, respectively, for 20 days. Adriamycin produces proteinuria, increases the serum cholesterol, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and decreases the serum albumin and protein. Therefore, these parameters were taken into account along with histopathological changes in the kidney. The test drug reduced the serum cholesterol, creatinine, and BUN, and increased the serum albumin and protein levels. Histopathological examination revealed remarkable changes in negative control groups, which were corrected in all the test groups. The test drug has preventive as well as curative effects in adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome and aligns with the reports of Unani literature regarding its use in renal disorders.
• Shivhare, Manoj & Singour, P.K. & Chaurasiya, P.K. & Pawar, Rajesh. (2012). Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Bishkhapra). Pharmacognosy reviews.  132- 40. 10. 4103/ 0973- 7847. 99947. World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that traditional health and folk medicine systems are proven to be more effective in health problems worldwide. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. is an herb used in Ayurvedic medicine. The principal constituent of T. portulacastrum Linn. is ecdysterone and the other constituents are panthenol, 3- acetylaleuritolic acid, 5, 2′- dihydroxy- 7- methoxy- 6, 8- dimethyl flavone, leptorumol, 3, 4- dimethoxy cinnamic acid, 5- hydroxy- 2-methoxy benzaldehyde, p- methoxy benzoic acid, and beta cyanin. Different parts of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. are traditionally used as analgesic, stomachic, laxative, treatment of blood disease, anemia, inflammation, and night blindness. Laboratory investigations on extracts of the plant have demonstrated significant pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, diuretic, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-carcinogenic. This article compiles all updated information related to T. portulacastrum Linn. Scientifically proved activities are co-related with traditional concepts. Scientific evidence exists concerning their major and minor constituents. The novelty and applicability of T. portulacastrum are hidden. Such things should be overcome through modern scientific concepts.
• Shridhar, Dr & Sunilchandra, U & Manjunatha, S & Tikare, Vinay & Bagalkote, Prashanth & B R, Mohan & D., Dr. Niranjan & Vinuta, M. H. (2022). Studies on Pharmacological and Toxicological Aspects of Trianthema Portulacastrum in Rats. The study was taken up to evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of aerial parts of the plant T. portulacastrum. Proteins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, phytosterols, and triterpenoids were all identified through phytochemical studies. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was used in the study to assess the plant extract’s in vivo anti-inflammatory properties. The extract exhibits considerable anti-inflammatory action at doses of 400 and 600 mg/ kg. Acetic acid-induced writhing was used as a peripheral pain model for testing in vivo analgesic effectiveness, and the extract at dosages of 400 and 600 mg/ kg demonstrated notable analgesic activity. According to OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively, acute oral and repeated dosage 28-day oral toxicity tests of methanol extract were conducted in Wistar albino rats. Doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/ kg were given daily for 28 days to rats with subacute oral toxicity and compared to control rats. No mortality or toxicity indications were seen in either of the toxicity studies. More than 5000 mg/ kg was discovered to be the MTD value. These results are consistent with the observed histopathological features in the groups treated with extract. Hematological and biochemical parameters did not exhibit any appreciable changes. The aerial parts of the plant showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that can be utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy.
• Mandal, Animesh & Bishayee, Anupam. (2015). Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Displays Anti-Inflammatory Responses during Chemically Induced Rat Mammary Tumorigenesis through Simultaneous and Differential Regulation of NF- κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16. 2426- 2445. 10. 3390/ ijms-16022426. Trianthema portulacastrum, a medicinal and dietary plant, has gained substantial importance due to its various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. We have recently reported that a characterized T. portulacastrum extract (TPE) affords considerable chemoprevention of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)- induced rat mammary tumorigenesis though the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of TPE during DMBA mammary carcinogenesis in rats by monitoring cyclooxygenase-2 (COX- 2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nuclear factor- kappa B (NF- κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mammary tumors were harvested from our previous study in which TPE (50- 200 mg/ kg) was found to inhibit mammary tumorigenesis in a dose-response manner. The expressions of intratumor COX- 2, HSP90, NF- κB, inhibitory kappa B- alpha (IκBα), and Nrf2 were determined by immunohistochemistry. TPE downregulated the expression of COX- 2 and HSP90 blocked the degradation of IκBα, hampered the translocation of NF- κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, and upregulated the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 during DMBA mammary carcinogenesis. These results in conjunction with our previous findings suggest that TPE prevents DMBA-induced breast neoplasia by anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated through simultaneous and differential modulation of two interconnected molecular circuits, namely NF- κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
• Das, Uttam & Saha, Tanmay & Subir, & Das, Kumar. (2018). Trianthema portulacastrum L. extract protects against gamma radiation-induced human red blood cell membrane damage in vitro. 321- 327. Radiation-induced oxidation of membrane lipids and proteins appears to be responsible for damaging the red cell membranes. The membrane integrity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) is compromised by the deleterious action of γ-radiation in humans. Trianthema portulacastrum L. is an inexpensive, non-toxic herb commonly used in ayurvedic medicine due to its significant pharmacological activities. Methanolic extract of different parts of T. portulacastrum L. contain carbohydrates, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids; whereas saponin is present only in root extract, while cardiac glycosides are absent in root extract. Here, we explored the radio-protective role of leaf, stem, root, and whole plant extracts of T. portulacastrum L. against the γ-radiation-induced membrane damage of human red blood cells (RBCs). The RBCs on γ-irradiation (4 Gy) exposure showed elevated TBARS levels while inhibited ATPase activities in the membrane ghosts. Treatment of RBCs with different extracts of T. portulacastrum L. at different doses (50 µg/ mL, 100 µg/ mL, 200 µg/ mL) 1h before the exposure of γ-radiation significantly mitigated these changes in the RBC membranes due to presence of antioxidants in the extracts.
• Poddar, Susmita & Kar, Abhigyan & Ghosh, Pranabesh & Chatterjee, Sirshendu. (2021). Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 9. 1- 6. 10. 22271/ plants. 2021. v9. i6a. 134. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Biskhapra) is an annual herb belonging to the family Aizoacae, which is used to treat many oxidative stress-related diseases. The current study was done to characterize the organoleptic and proximate characteristics to estimate the phytochemical components and to investigate the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of leaves of the plant. The results showed that total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin content are 112.96± 0.93 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g Dry Weight, 164.84± 0.91 mg Quercetin Equivalent/ g Dry Weight, and 11.79± 0.37 mg Tannic Acid Equivalent/g Dry Weight, respectively. Total protein and amino acids contents are 193.56± 2.68 mg BSA Equivalent/ g Dry Weight and 128.79± 3.19 mg Tyrosine Equivalent/g Dry Weight, respectively. Total polysaccharide, lipid, and ascorbic acid content are 117.85± 6.20 mg Dextrose Equivalent/ g Dry Weight, 9.10 %, and 21.13 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/ g Fresh Weight, respectively. Inhibition percentages of antioxidant assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 are 80.68± 0.83 %, 77.27± 0.93 %, and 72.83± 0.86 %, respectively. From the results may be concluded that the leaves of the plant possess biologically active secondary metabolites that can be highly applicable for the healing purposes of oxidative stress-related diseases.
• K., Paulpriya & Lincy, Packia & Mohan, Veerabahu. (2013). Total Phenolic, flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of leaf of Sesuvium portulacastrum. L (Aizoaceae). Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 3. 67- 75. The antioxidant activity of the leaf of Sesuvium portulacastrum was studied for its free radical scavenging property on different in vitro models eg DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, ABTS radical cation scavenging, and reducing power by using different solvents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated. The methanol extract showed promising free radical scavenging activity in dose dose-dependent manner. This antioxidant potency may be related to the presence of antioxidant phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the extract. These results indicate that S. portulacastrum leaf is effective against free radical-mediated disease.
• Yaqoob, Sadaf & Sultana, Bushra & Mushtaq, Muhammad. (2014). In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Hydrolysates. Preventive nutrition and food science. 19. 27- 33. 10. 3746/ pnf. 2014. 19. 1. 027. Hydrolysates of Trianthema portulacastrum in acidified methanol were evaluated for their total phenolic (TP) constituents and respective antioxidant activities using in vitro assays (i.e., 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, percent inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, and ferric reducing power). The observed results indicate that root, shoot, and leaf fractions of T. portulacastrum contain 50.75~ 98.09 mg gallic acid equivalents/ g dry weight of TP. In addition, these fractions have substantial reducing potentials (0.10~ 0.59), abilities to inhibit peroxidation (43.26~ 89.98 %), and DPPH radical scavenging capabilities (6.98~ 311.61 μg/ mL IC50). The experimental data not only reveal T. portulacastrum as a potential source of valuable antioxidants but also indicate that acidified methanol may be an ideal choice for the enhanced recovery of phenolic compounds with retained biological potential for the food and pharmaceutical industry.
• Das, Uttam & Saha, Tanmay & Sharma, Reshma & Maurya, Dharmendra & Ray, Partho & Das, Subir. (2022). Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities Mediate the Radioprotective Effect of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Extracts. The Natural Products Journal. 10. 2174/ 2210- 3155-1266- 62206-27154721. Ionizing radiation (IR) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which leads to oxidative stress that often leads to inflammatory responses in organisms. Trianthema portulacastrum L., a plant commonly growing in India, is rich in antioxidant phytochemicals. This is responsible for scavenging free radicals and may provide radioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in response to ionizing radiation. The effect of T. portulacastrum extracts was studied in hepatic cells, which are susceptible to radiation-induced damage, and in macrophages, which are the primary inflammatory cells of the body. T. portulacastrum stem extracts showed efficient free radical scavenging activity in hepatocytes and decreased radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in cell and mitochondrial membranes. Treatment of irradiated cells with T. portulacastrum stem extracts enhanced cell viability at lower concentrations and reduced cell viability at higher concentrations. Treatment with a low concentration of T. portulacastrum stem extract also reduced cellular ROS generation and increased the concentration of cellular antioxidant, glutathione. T. portulacastrum extracts also showed remarkable anti-inflammatory properties in macrophages activated by the inflammatory agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The extract reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes. Together, these observations demonstrated a potential radioprotective role of T. portulacastrum extract mediated by both its antioxidant activity on hepatic epithelial cells and its anti-inflammatory activity on immune cells.
• Anchuri, shyam sunder & Reddy, A. & Gangarapu, Kiran & Thirumurugu, S. (2010). Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Trianthema portulacastrum in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 16. 193- 202. 10. 1080/ 10496475. 2010. 511074. The methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae) was evaluated for antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity in high-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. It was found that the extract caused a significant reduction in lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats and was comparable with the standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug atorvastatin. It was also found that the plant extract increased the liver antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione) levels while reducing the lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde) levels.
• R.N.R, Anreddy & Porika, Mahendar & N.R, Yellu & Devarakonda, Krishna. (2010). Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Plant in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Pharmacology. 6. 10. 3923/ ijp. 2010. 129. 133. The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanol extract of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. whole plant in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in rats and the blood glucose and lipid levels were estimated using commercial kits available in the market. The methanol extract of T. portulacastrum was administered for 7 days to normal and alloxan-induced diabetes rats at a dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1. The extract produced a significant reduction (p< 0.001) in blood glucose at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg kg-1 in normal and diabetic rats. It also produced beneficial effects on the lipid profile in normal as well as alloxan-induced diabetic rats at the end of the treatment period (7th day). The methanol extract of Trianthema portulacastrum produced a dose-dependent hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and hypolipidemic activity in rats and was comparable with standard oral hypoglycemic agent, glibenclamide.
• Ara, Anum & Akram, Abida & Ajmal, Maryam & Akhund, Shaista & Nayyar, Brian Gagosh. (2015). Pharmacological, nutritional, and allelopathic attributes of noxious weed, Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Horse purslane).
• Bashir, Samra & Abbas, Saima & Khan, Aslam. (2018). Pharmacological studies on prokinetic and laxative effects of trianthema portulacastrum Linn. International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 11. 10. 15406/ ijcam. 2018. 11. 00428.
• Nawaz, Hafiz & Malik, Abdul & Ali, Muhammad. (2001). Trianthenol: An antifungal tetraterpenoid from Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae). Phytochemistry. 56. 99- 102. 10. 1016/ S0031- 9422 – (00)00270- 3. An antifungal tetraterpenoid named trianthenol 1 has been isolated from the chloroform extract of Trianthema portulacastrum. Its structure was established as 15-hydroxymethyl- 2, 6, 10, 18, 22, 26, 30- heptamethyl- 14- methylene- 17-hentriacontene based on spectroscopic data including high-resolution mass and two- dimensional NMR techniques. A benzaldehyde derivative 2, a pentacyclic triterpenoid 3, and benzoic acid derivatives 4– 5 are also reported for the first time from Trianthema portulacastrum.
• Lakshmi, K. & Prabhakaran, V. & Mallikarjuna, G. & Gowthami, A. (2014). The antilithiatic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum l. and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 25. 16- 22. Urolithiasis is the third most common disorder, which results from the combined influence of dietary, geographical, biochemical &genetic risk factors. Hyperoxaluria was induced by administration of Ethylene glycol (EG) 0.75 % and Ammonium chloride (AC) 1 % in drinking water for 28 days. EG feeding results in hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress as well as increased excretion of calcium, oxalate, and phosphate in serum levels. The present study was focused on the evaluation of ethanolic extract of leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (EETP) and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br (EEGS) on experimentally induced urolithiasis. Cystone, a polyherbal formulation is used as a reference standard. Parameters like urinary volume, urine analysis (calcium, oxalate, phosphate, magnesium, and phosphate), serum analysis (calcium, creatinine, uric acid, BUN), and antioxidant studies (SOD, CAT, MDA) were performed to access the activity. Treatment with ethanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum and Gymnema sylvestre at both doses (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/ kg b.  wt) showed significant restoration of urinary and serum parameters on EG&AC induction. The extracts at both doses (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/ kg b. wt) showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity &decrease in MDA levels. From all the protective findings of both extracts, EEGS showed more potent anti-urolithiasis activity when compared to EETP.